Atmospheric Ammonia : Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts

1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 Mark A. Sutton Part I Ammonia Critical Thresholds 2 Reassessment of Critical Levels for Atmospheric Ammonia ............... 15 J. Neil Cape, Ludger J. van der Eerden, Lucy J. Sheppard, Ian D. Leith, and Mark A. Sutton 3 Potential for the Further Development and Application of Critical Levels to Assess the Environmental Impacts of Ammonia................................................................................ 41 Mark A. Sutton, Lucy J. Sheppard, and David Fowler 4 Long-Term Cumulative Exposure Exacerbates the Effects of Atmospheric Ammonia on an Ombrotrophic Bog: Implications for Critical Levels .............................................................. 49 Lucy J. Sheppard, Ian D. Leith, Alan Crossley, Netty van Dijk, J. Neil Cape, David Fowler, and Mark A. Sutton 5 The Application of Transects to Assess the Effects of Ammonia on Woodland Groundfl ora .................................................... 59 Carole E.R. Pitcairn, Ian D. Leith, Netty van Dijk, Lucy J. Sheppard, Mark A. Sutton, and David Fowler 6 Estimation of the Ammonia Critical Level for Epiphytic Lichens Based on Observations at Farm, Landscape and National Scales .................................................................................. 71 Mark A. Sutton, Pat A. Wolseley, Ian D. Leith, Netty van Dijk, Y. Sim Tang, P.W. James, Mark R. Theobald, and Clare Whitfield Contents vii viii Contents 7 Mapping Ammonia Emissions and Concentrations for Switzerland – Effects on Lichen Vegetation .................................. 87 Beat Rihm, Martin Urech, and Kathrin Peter 8 Over Which Averaging Period Is the Ammonia Critical Level Most Precautionary ..................................................................... 93 Mark A. Sutton, Addo van Pul, Ferd Sauter, Y. Sim Tang, and Laszlo Horvath 9 Macrolichens on Twigs and Trunks as Indicators of Ammonia Concentrations Across the UK – a Practical Method ................................................................................. 101 Patricia A. Wolseley, Ian D. Leith, Netty van Dijk, and Mark A. Sutton 10 Assessment of Critical Levels of Atmospheric Ammonia for Lichen Diversity in Cork-Oak Woodland, Portugal ..................... 109 Pedro Pinho, Cristina Branquinho, Cristina Cruz, Y. Sim Tang, Teresa Dias, Ana Paula Rosa, Cristina Máguas, Maria-Amélia Martins-Loução, and Mark A. Sutton Part II Temporal Trends in Atmospheric Ammonia 11 Linking Ammonia Emission Trends to Measured Concentrations and Deposition of Reduced Nitrogen at Different Scales .................................................................................. 123 Albert Bleeker, Mark A. Sutton, Beat Acherman, Ana Alebic-Juretic, Viney P. Aneja, Thomas Ellermann, Jan Willem Erisman, David Fowler, Hilde Fagerli, Thomas Gauger, K.S. Harlen, Lars Robert Hole, Laszlo Horvath, Marta Mitosinkova, Ron I. Smith, Y. Sim Tang, and Addo van Pul 12 Long-Term Record (1981–2005) of Ammonia and Ammonium Concentrations at K-Puszta Hungary and the Effect of Sulphur Dioxide Emission Change on Measured and Modelled Concentrations ........................................ 181 Laszlo Horvath, Hilde Fagerli, and Mark A. Sutton 13 Assessment of Ammonia and Ammonium Trends and Relationship to Critical Levels in the UK National Ammonia Monitoring Network (NAMN) ............................................ 187 Y. Sim Tang, Ulrike Dragosits, Netty van Dijk, Linda Love, Ivan Simmons, and Mark A. Sutton Contents ix 14 Review of Published Studies Estimating the Abatement Effi cacy of Reduced-Emission Slurry Spreading Techniques ............ 195 J. Webb, Brigitte Eurich-Menden, Ulrich Dämmgen, and Francesco Agostini Part III Analysis of Ammonia Hotspots 15 Ammonia Deposition Near Hot Spots: Processes, Models and Monitoring Methods ......................................................... 205 Benjamin Loubet, Willem A.H. Asman, Mark R. Theobald, Ole Hertel, Y. Sim Tang, Paul Robin, Mélynda Hassouna, Ulrich Dämmgen, Sophie Genermont, Pierre Cellier, and Mark A. Sutton 16 Standardised Grasses as Biomonitors of Ammonia Pollution Around Agricultural Point Sources ..................................... 269 Ian D. Leith, Netty van Dijk, Carole E.R. Pitcairn, Lucy J. Sheppard, and Mark A. Sutton 17 Soluble Ammonium in Plants as a Bioindicator for Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition: Refi nement and Testing of a Practical Method ............................................................................. 281 Netty van Dijk, Ian D. Leith, Carole E.R. Pitcairn, and Mark A. Sutton 18 Spatial Planning as a Complementary Tool to Abate the Effects of Atmospheric Ammonia Deposition at the Landscape Scale ........................................................................... 291 Ulrike Dragosits, Mark R. Theobald, Chris J. Place, Helen M. ApSimon, and Mark A. Sutton Part IV Regional Modelling of Atmospheric Ammonia 19 Modelling of the Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Ammonia at a National and Regional Scale .................................... 301 Addo van Pul, Ole Hertel, Camilla Geels, Anthony J. Dore, Massimo Vieno, Hans A. van Jaarsveld, Robert Bergström, Martijn Schaap, and Hilde Fagerli 20 Application of a Lagrangian Model FRAME to Estimate Reduced Nitrogen Deposition and Ammonia Concentrations in Poland ...................................................................... 359 Maciej Kryza, Anthony J. Dore, Marek Błaś, and Mieczysław Sobik x Contents 21 Application of the EMEP Unifi ed Model to the UK with a Horizontal Resolution of 5 × 5 km2 ........................................... 367 Massimo Vieno, Anthony J. Dore, Peter Wind, Chiara Di Marco, Eiko Nemitz, Gavin Phillips, Leonor Tarrasón, and Mark A. Sutton Part V Conclusions and Outlook 22 Critical Levels for Ammonia ................................................................. 375 John Neil Cape, Ludger van der Eerden, Andreas Fangmeier, John Ayres, Simon Bareham, Roland Bobbink, Christina Branquinho, Peter Crittenden,Christina Cruz, Teresa Dias, Ian D. Leith, Maria Amélia Martins-Loucão,Carole Pitcairn, Lucy Sheppard, Till Spranger, Mark Sutton, Netty van Dijk, and Pat Wolseley 23 Detecting Change in Atmospheric Ammonia Following Emission Changes .................................................................................. 383 Jan Willem Erisman, Albert Bleeker, Albrecht Neftel, Viney Aneja, Nick Hutchings, Liam Kinsella, Y. Sim Tang, J. Webb, Michel Sponar, Caroline Raes, Marta Mitosinkova, Sonja Vidic, Helle Vibeke Andersen, Zbigniew Klimont, Rob Pinder, Samantha Baker, Beat Reidy, Chris Flechard, Laszlo Horvath, Anita Lewandowska, Colin Gillespie, Marcus Wallasch, Robert Gehrig, and Thomas Ellerman 24 Assessment Methods for Ammonia Hot-Spots .................................... 391 Pierre Cellier, Mark R. Theobald, Willem Asman, William J. Bealey, Shabtai Bittman, Ulrike Dragosits, Janina Fudala, Matthew Jones, Per Løfstrøm, Benjamin Loubet, Tom Misselbrook, Beat Rihm, Ken Smith, Michal Strizik, Klaas van der Hoek, Hans van Jaarsveld, John Walker, and Zdenek Zelinger 25 Modelling the National and Regional Transport and Deposition of Ammonia .................................................................. 409 Addo van Pul, Stefan Reis, Tony Dore, Liu Xuejun, Hilde Fagerli, Camilla Geels, Ole Hertel, Roy Wichink Kruijt, Maciej Kryza, Robert Bergström, Massimo Vieno, Ron Smith, and Eiko Nemitz 26 Reliability of Ammonia Emission Estimates and Abatement Effi ciencies ................................................................... 423 J. Webb, Nicholas J. Hutchings, Shabtai Bittman, Samantha M.H. Baker, Beat Reidy, Caroline Raes, Ken Smith, John Ayres, and Tom Misselbrook Contents xi 27 Ammonia Policy Context and Future Challenges ............................... 433 Till Spranger, Zbigniew Klimont, Michel Sponar, Caroline Raes, Samantha M.H. Baker, Mark A. Sutton, Collin Gillespie, Y. Sim Tang, Helle Vibeke Andersen, Thomas Ellerman, Chris Flechard, and Nick J. Hutchings 28 Synthesis and Summary for Policy Makers ......................................... 445 Mark A. Sutton, Stefan Reis, and Samantha M.H. Baker Author Index................................................................................................... 455 Subject Index .................................................................................................. 461