Methods of cancer diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis Volume 4, Colorectal cancer

Authors and Co-Authors of Volume 4; Preface; Contents of Volume 1, 2, and 3; PART I. COLORECTAL CANCER; 1. INTRODUCTION: COLORECTAL CANCER; M.A. Hayat; INTRODUCTIONScreening for Colorectal CancerTreatmentRectal CancerREFERENCESA. Diagnosis; 2. POORLY DIFFERENTIATED COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMA: (METHODOLOGY); Seiichi Shinji, Zenya Naito, Toshiyuki Ishiwata, Yoko Matsuda, Tomoko Seya, and Takashi Tajiri; INTRODUCTIONHISTOPATHOLOGYIMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY FOR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISIMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY FOR MALIGNANT CHARACATERISTICS OF POORLY DIFFERENTIATED ADENOCARCINOMAIN SITU HYBRIDIZATION FOR MALIGNANT CHARACTERISTICS OF POORLY DIFFERENTIATED ADENOCARCINOMATHERAPYREFERENCES; 3. COLORECTAL CANCER: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL; DIAGNOSIS WITH HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN K; Ayham Alnabulsi, Brian Carpenter, Colin Telfer, and Graeme I. Murray; INTRODUCTIONBIOMARKERSApproved Biomarkers -- ProblemsBiomarkers of Colorectal CancerDemand for Colorectal BiomarkersCOLORECTAL BIOMARKER HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN KMethodology2D Gel Electrophoresis (2DGE)Semiquantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain ReactionMonoclonal Antibody to Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein KImmunohistochemistry (IHC)RESULTSDISCUSSIONFUTURE DIRECTIONREFERENCES; 4. METASTASES AND RECURRENCE OF COLORECTAL CANCER: DIAGNOSTIC ROLE OF IMMUNOSCINTIGRAPHY; Vladimir Obradovic and Vera Artiko; INTRODUCTION GENERAL CONSIDERATIONSRadiopharmaceuticalsImaging Systems and TechniquesIMMUNOSCINTIGRAPHIC METHODS USED FOR DIAGNOSTICS OF COLORECTAL CANCERImmunoscintigraphy Based on Radiopharmaceuticals Labeled with RadioiodinesImmunoscintigraphy Based on Radiopharmaceuticals Labeled with 111InImmunoscintigraphy Based on Radiopharmaceuticals Labeled with 99mTcComparison of Diagnostic Values of Different RadiopharmaceuticalsImmunoscintigraphy and Positron Emission TomographyRadioimmunoguided SurgeryCONCLUSIONREFERENCES; 5. COLORECTAL CANCER DIAGNOSIS USING DNA LEVELS IN BLOOD AND STOOL; Emanuela Flamini, Daniele Calistri, Laura Mercatali, Claudia Rengucci and Dino Amadori; INTRODUCTIONAVAILABLE TESTS AND THEIR COST BENEFITSFecal Occult Blood TestFlexible SigmoidoscopyColonoscopyBarium Enema with Air ContrastVirtual ColonoscopyMOLECULAR MARKERS AND THEIR COST BENEFITSFREE CIRCULATING DNA IN BLOODBiological Mechanisms of Free Circulating DNA ReleaseMethodological Aspects of Free Circulating DNASources and Influence of Pre-Analytical FactorsIsolation and QuantificationFree Circulating DNA Levels in Colorectal Cancer DiagnosisINTEGRITY OF GENOMIC EXTRACTED DNA FROM STOOLAnalysis of Long Fragment DNA in StoolAdvantages and Technical ProblemsCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES; 6. COLORECTAL CARCINOMA: IDENTIFICATION OF microRNAs USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; Eva Bandres, Nerea Bitarte, Natalia Ramirez, Ruth Zarate, and Jesus Garcia-Foncillas; INTRODUCTIONGENOMICS OF microRNAmicroRNA BIOGENESIS AND FUNCTIONEVIDENCE FOR THE INVOLVEMENT OF microRNA IN CANCERREGULATION OF microRNA EXPRESSIONIDENTIFICATION OF microRNA TARGETS: BIOINFORMATIC AND FUNCTIONAL TOOLSTECHNOLOGY TO QUANTIFY microRNAsEXPERIMENTAL WORKFLOW FOR microRNA EXPRESSION BY REAL- TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONIDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED microRNA IN COLORECTAL CANCER USING REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONQUANTIFICATION OF microRNA IN CLINICAL SAMPLESFUTURE APPLICATION AND POTENTIAL LIMITATIONSREFERENCESB. Treatment; 7. COLORECTAL CANCER: OPTIMIZATION OF THE COMBINATION OF 5-FLUOROURACIL AND IRINOTECAN; Carlo Barone, Matteo Landriscina, and Alessandra Cassano; INTRODUCTIONCOMBINATION OF 5-FLUOROURACIL AND IRINOTECAN IN HUMAN COLORECTAL CANCERCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN 5- FLUOROURACIL AND IRINOTECANCLINICAL OPTIMIZATION OF 5-FLUOROURACIL AND IRINOTECAN COMBINATIONINTEGRATION OF IRINOTECAN/5-FLUOROURACIL REGIMENS WITH MOLECULAR-TARGETED AGENTSPHARMACOGENOMICS OF 5-FLUOROURACIL AND IRINOTECAN COMBINATIONFUTURE PERSPECTIVESREFERENCES; 8. DETECTION OF ABDOMINAL ABSCESSES AFTER COLORECTAL SURGERY: ULTRASONOGRAPHY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, AND GALLIUM SCAN; Wan-Yu Lin, Jyh-Wen Chai, and Te-Hsin Chao; INTRODUCTIONRISK FACTORSCLINICAL DIAGNOSISCLINICAL MANAGEMENTABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHYULTRASONOGRAPHYCOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHYGALLIUM-67 CITRATE SCANOTHER RADIONUCLIDE METHODSREFERENCES; 9. ANTIMETASTATIC THERAPY IN COLORECTAL CANCER: ROLE OF TUMOR CELL MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 9 (METHODOLOGY); Wilhelm J. Lubbe and Giovanni M. Pitari; INTRODUCTIONCOLORECTALCANCER METASTASISMechanisms of PathogenesisMATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-9 (MMP-9)Function and Regulation of MMP-9Signaling of MMP-9 in MetastasisTumor Cell MMP-9TARGETING MMP-9 IN COLORECTAL CANCER METASTASISDetection of MMP-9 in Tumor Cell CompartmentsReducing MMP-9 Expression in Cancer CellsSuppressing MMP-9 Signaling in Cancer CellsCONCLUDING REMARKSREFERENCES; 10. ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION OF EARLY COLORECTAL TUMOURS: NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES; P. Hurlstone, S. Brown, and W. Baraza; EARLY COLORECTAL CANCER: A PARADIGM SHIFTENDOSCOPIC OPTICAL BIOPSY TECHNIQUESENDOLUMINAL STAGING OF COLORECTAL LESIONSENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION: RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGYENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION: RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGYRETROFLEXION ENDOSCOPIC DISSECTIONENDOSCOPIC RESECTION IN CHRONIC ULCERATIVE COLITISPOST RESECTION PROTOCOLSSAFETY AND APPLICABILITY OF ENDOSCOPIC RESECTION TECHNIQUESREFERENCES; 11. ROLE OF STROMAL VARIABLES IN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF COLORECTAL CANCER; Xiao-Feng Sun and Hong Zhang; INTRODUCTIONANGIOGENESIS AND LYMPHANGIOGENESIS IN COLORECTAL CANCERMICROVESSELS IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSIONVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR IN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF COLORECTAL CANCERLYMPHATIC DENSITY IN STROMA OF COLORECTAL CANCERINFLAMMATORY INFILTRATIONLYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION AND PROGNOSIS IN COLORECTAL CANCEREXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND MICROENVIRONMENTFUNCTIONS OF PINCHExpression of PINCH in Different OrgansPINCH in Development and Progression of Colorectal CancerFUNCTIONS OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES STROMELYSIN-3 IN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF COLORECTAL CANCERREFERENCES; 12. QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF COLORECTAL CANCER PERFUSION - PERFUSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND DYNAMIC CONTRAST-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; Vicky Goh; INTRODUCTIONTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONSContrast AgentsContrast KineticsContrast AdministrationContrast Concentration and Tissue Enhancement Macromolecular Contrast AgentsData Acquisition and Mathematical Modeling Perfusion Computed TomographyDynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance ImagingVALIDATION AND MEASUREMENT REPRODUCIBILITYCLINICAL UTILITYDistinction between Benign and Malignant Disease Assessment of ChemoradiotherapyAssessment of Anti-Angiogenic DrugsAssessment of Hepatic Metastatic Disease Primary Tumor Perfusion and Development of Metastatic Disease WHICH IMAGING TECHNIQUE SHOULD BE USED?CHALLENGES FOR PERFUSION IMAGINGREFERENCESC. Prognosis; 13. COLORECTAL CANCER: POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; Ur Metser; INTRODUCTIONPROGNOSIS AND PRINCIPLES IN THERAPY IDENTIFICATION OF PRIMARY COLONIC LESION WITH 18F- FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE -- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHYSTAGING: LOCAL TUMOR, LYMPH NODE, AND DISTANT METASTASESASSESSMENT OF RESPONSE TO THERAPYNeoadjuvant Chemoradiation TherapyChemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal CancerOther Radiopharmaceuticals for Metastatic Colorectal CancerLocal Therapy for MetastasesIDENTIFICATION OF TUMOR RECURRENCE POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY AND COLORECTAL CANCER: FUTURE DIRECTIONSREFERENCES; 14. PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF PROTEIN MARKERS IN COLORECTAL CANCER STRATIFIED BY MISMATCH REPAIR STATUS; Inti Zlobec and Alessandro Lugli; INTRODUCTIONTISSUE MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGYMANAGEMENT OF TISSUE MICROARRAY DATASETSCORING SYSTEMS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSISPROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN COLORECTAL CANCER STRATIFIED WITH MISMATCH REPAIR STATUS USE OF MULTIMARKER PHENOTYPES DISCUSSIONREFERENCES; 15. COLORECTAL CANCER: LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) ACTIVITY AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER; Michael I. Koukourakis, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, and Efthimios Sivridis; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASECANCER CELLS AND THE WARBURG EFFECTACTIVITY OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE IN COLORECTAL CANCER TISSUESEXPRESSION OF LACTATE ISOENZYMES IN COLORECTAL CANCERSUBCELLULAR PATTERNS OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE-5 EXPRESSION AND SCORING OF TUMORSLACTATE DEHYDROGENASE AND TUMOR AGGRESSIVENESSLACTATE-5 EXPRESSION AND PROGNOSIS OF PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCERSERUM LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE VS. CANCER CELL LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE-5 EXPRESSIONSERUM LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE-5 LEVELS AND PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH COLORECTAL CANCERLACTATE DEHYDROGENASE AND THE PTK/ZK TRIALTARGETING LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE FOR THERAPYREFERENCES; PART II. COLON CANCER; 16. DETECTION OF TUMOR CELLS IN LYMPH NODES OF COLON CANCER PATIENTS USING REAL-TIME QUANTITATIVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; Lina Ohlsson, Anne Israelsson, A...ke A-berg, Marie-Louise Hammarstrom, Gudrun Lindmark, and Sten Hammarstrom; INTRODUCTIONMATERIALSMETHODSPreparation of Lymph NodesRNA ExtractionPreparation of Copy StandardReal-Time Quantitative RT-PCR for 18S rRNAReal-Time Quantitative RT-PCR for Determination of CEA mRNA, CK20 mRNA, and MUC2 mRNARESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCESA. Treatment; 17. COLON CANCER: LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; David W. Larson and Heidi Nelson; INTRODUCTIONPRESENTATIONCOMPLICATIONSOUTCOMES IN CANCERTREATMENT TECHNIQUE OF OPERATIONExplorationRight ColectomyThe AnastomosisLeft or Sigmoid ColectomyREFERENCES; 18. SENTINEL NODE-BASED IMMUNOTHERAPY OF COLON CANCER; Per Marits, Mona Karlsson, Magnus Thorn, and Ola Winqvist; INTRODUCTIONTUMOR IMMUNE SURVEILLANCEImmune Surveillance in Colon CancerTumor Antigens in Colon CancerTumor Escape MechanismsCentral ToleranceIMMUNOTHERAPY OF CANCERActive Immunotherapy-VaccinationPassive, Specific ImmunotherapyAdoptive Immunotherapy in Colon CancerTHE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN THE LYMPH NODELymph Node AnatomyAntigen Recognition in the Lymph Node Outcome of T Cell ActivationImmunological MemorySENTINEL-NODE BASED IMMUNOTHERAPY OF COLON CANCERSentinel Node Detection in Colon CancerImmune Responses in Sentinel Lymph NodesLymph Node-Based TreatmentsREFERENCES; PART III. RECTAL CANCER; A. Diagnosis; 19. RECTAL CANCER: PREOPERATIVE STAGING USING ENDORECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY (METHODOLOGY); Ho-Kyung Chun, Yong Beom Cho, and Soon Jin Lee; INTRODUCTIONINSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUEIMAGE INTERPRETATIONTumor Staging with Endorectal UltrasonographyLymph Node Staging with Endorectal UltrasonographyACCURACY FOR STAGING RECTAL CANCERACCURACY OF ENDORECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY COMPARED WITH COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINGTHREE-DIMENTIONAL ENDORECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHYREFERENCES; 20. RECTAL CANCER: SPECTRAL IMAGING AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY OF THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE; Gary K. Atkin and George D. Wilson; INTRODUCTIONThymidylate SynthaseImmunohistochemical Quantification of Tissue Sections Spectral ImagingMETHODOLOGYImmunohistochemistry of Thymidylate Synthase in Rectal CancerQuantification of Thymidylate Synthase Expression Using Spectral ImagingDISCUSSIONREFERENCES; B. Treatment; 21. CANCER OF THE RECTUM: ABDOMINOPERINEAL AND SPHINCTER-SAVING RESECTIONS; Federico Bozzetti; INTRODUCTIONOUTCOME AFTER ABDOMINOPERINEAL RESECTION AND SPHINCTER-SAVING RESECTIONPOTENTIAL PROGNOSTIC FACTORS DIFFERENTIATING ABDOMINOPERINEAL AND SPHINCTER-SAVING RESECTIONSTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE ABDOMINOPERINEAL RESECTIONIncisionPosterior DissectionLateral DissectionAnterior DissectionREFERENCES; 22. CHEMORADIATION FOR RECTAL CANCER; Max Mano and Jean-Pascal Machiels; INTRODUCTIONAPPLICATIONS OF PRE- OR POSTOPERATIVE CHEMORADIATIONPREOPERATIVE RADIATION ONLY VERSUS CHEMORADIATIONINTEGRATION OF NEW CYTOTOXIC AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS IN THE PREOPERATIVE SETTINGPatients and MethodsCapecitabineOxaliplatinTargeted TherapyREFERENCES; 23. RESECTABLE RECTAL CANCER: PREOPERATIVE SHORT-COURSE RADIATION; Krzysztof BujkoINTRODUCTIONSHORT-COURSE SCHEDULETESTING THE SHORT-COURSE PREOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPYRandomized TrialsLOCAL EFFICACY AND SURVIVALEARLY ADVERSE EFFECTS AND COMPLIANCEPOSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONSLATE ADVERSE EFFECTSTESTING THE SHORT-COURSE PREOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPYNon-randomized TrialsADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF SHORT-COURSE SCHEDULEREFERENCES; 24. PREOPERATIVE CHEMORADIOTHERAPY ALLOWS FOR LOCAL CONTROL IN RECTAL CANCER, BUT DISTANT METASTASES REMAIN AN UNSOLVED PROBLEM; Verena Voelter; INTRODUCTIONSURGERYPREOPERATIVE VERSUS POSTOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPYRATIONALE FOR COMBINED CHEMORADIOTHERAPYCHEMOTHERAPY-RADIOTHERAPY IN THE CLINIC PREOPERATIVE VERSUS POSTOPERATIVE CHEMORADIOTHERAPYDETERMINATION OF PROGNOSISHistopathological Prognostic FactorsPathological Complete RemissionCLINICAL STAGINGNEW DRUGS TO CONTROL DISTANT METASTASES5-fluorouracil and LeucovorinIrinotecanCetuximab Oxaliplatin and BevacizumabNEW PREDICTIVE MARKERSEGFR Signaling PathwayCell Cycle Associated Proteins and Circulating Tumor CellsUNSOLVED QUESTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF RECTAL CANCERREFERENCES; 25. LOCALLY ADVANCED RECTAL CANCER: COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY DURING PREOPERATIVE RADIATION THERAPY; Antonio Avallone, Paolo Delrio, Luigi Aloj, Elena Di Gennaro, Cesare Guida, Fabiana Tatangelo, Antonella Petrillo, Giuseppe Lucio Cascini, Valerio Parisi, Alfredo Budillon, Secondo Lastoria, and Pasquale Comella; INTRODUCTIONCHEMOTHERAPY OF LOCALLY ADVANCED RECTAL CANCERSELECTION OF CHEMOTHERAPY5-FluorouracilOral FluoropyrimidinesRaltitrexedIrinotecanOxaliplatinCetuximabBevacizumab PATIENT SELECTIONREFERENCES; PART IV. COLORECTAL LIVER METASTASES; 26. COLORECTAL CANCER LIVER METASTASES: NEOADJUVANT THERAPY WITH BEVACIZUMAB; Thomas Gruenberger and Birgit Gruenberger; INTRODUCTIONBEVACIZUMAB IN THE NEOADJUVANT SETTINGSURGERY AFTER BEVACIZUMAB IN THE NEOADJUVANT SETTINGFUTURE PROSPECTIVECONCLUSIONREFERENCES; 27. COLORECTAL LIVER METASTASES: RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; Andrew Mckay, Elijah Dixon, and Oliver Bathe; INTRODUCTIONTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATIONPATIENT SELECTIONOPERATIVE TECHNIQUEFOLLOW-UP AFTER SURGERYSAFETYOUTCOMESRATES OF TUMOR NECROSISRECURRENCE RATESSURVIVALCURRENT STATUS OF RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION FOR COLORECTAL LIVER METASTASESREFERENCES; PART V. ANAL CANCER; 28. ANAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS: DIAGNOSIS USING p63 IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; Scott R. Owens; INTRODUCTIONAnal Carcinomap63p63 IMMUNOSTAINING IN ANAL CARCINOMAUtilityAdvantagesPROCEDURE AND INTERPRETATIONSPECIAL CONSIDERATIONSREFERENCES