Field confirmation testing for suspicious substances

1 Physical Confi rmation Tests 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Air Reactivity....................................................................................................................... 2 Confi rming Air Reactive Alkali Metals ........................................................................ 2 Confi rming Air Reactive Hydrides ............................................................................... 4 Confi rming Air Reactive Phosphorous ........................................................................ 6 Appearance and Odor ......................................................................................................... 6 Human Confi rmation..................................................................................................... 6 Canine Confi rmation ..................................................................................................... 9 Considerations for the Use of Canines .................................................................. 15 Boiling Point ....................................................................................................................... 16 Confi rming Boiling Point ............................................................................................ 16 Variables for Boiling Point Measurement .................................................................. 19 Pressure Variations Due to Weather ...................................................................... 20 Pressure Variations Due to Elevation .................................................................... 21 Compensating for Pressure Variations ....................................................................... 22 Example ..................................................................................................................... 23 Density ............................................................................................................................... 24 Specifi c Gravity ............................................................................................................. 25 Confi rming Specifi c Gravity ................................................................................... 25 Vapor Density ................................................................................................................ 26 Confi rming Vapor Density ..................................................................................... 28 Flash Point .......................................................................................................................... 32 Confi rming Flash Point ................................................................................................ 33 Heating by Torch ............................................................................................................... 34 Melting Point ...................................................................................................................... 38 Confi rming Melting Point of a Solid Sample ............................................................ 39 Confi rming Freezing Point of a Liquid Sample ........................................................ 40 Physical State ...................................................................................................................... 46 Radioactivity ...................................................................................................................... 46 Confi rming Radiological Material .............................................................................. 48 Confi rming Radiation Isotopes ................................................................................... 48 Confi rming Radioactive Emission ......................................................................... 50 Confi rming Transportation Activity ..................................................................... 52 Confi rming Specifi c Activity .................................................................................. 56 vi Table of Contents Solubility ............................................................................................................................. 62 Confi rming Water Solubility ....................................................................................... 63 Confi rming Vapor Solubility ....................................................................................... 64 Vapor Pressure, Volatility, and Evaporation Rate ........................................................... 66 Confi rming Vapor Pressure or Evaporation Rate ..................................................... 67 Viscosity .............................................................................................................................. 67 Estimating Viscosity ..................................................................................................... 68 Confi rming Viscosity .................................................................................................... 69 Water Reactivity ................................................................................................................. 69 Confi rming Water Reactivity ....................................................................................... 69 References ........................................................................................................................... 72 2 Chemical Confi rmation Tests 75 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 75 How to Select Tests ............................................................................................................ 76 Index of Target Substances ............................................................................................... 77 Index of Tests ................................................................................................................... 108 Agri-Screen Ticket ........................................................................................................... 139 Alizarin Reagent (Metal) ................................................................................................ 139 Alizarin Reagent (Zirconium) ....................................................................................... 140 Alizarin S Reagent ........................................................................................................... 141 Allylthiourea Reagent ...................................................................................................... 141 Aloy’s Reagent .................................................................................................................. 142 Aluminon Reagent ........................................................................................................... 142 Aluminon Reagent on Paper .......................................................................................... 143 Alvarez’s Reagent ............................................................................................................. 143 Aminoacetophenone Reagent ........................................................................................ 144 Aminoacetophenone Solution ....................................................................................... 145 Aminodimethylaniline Reagent ..................................................................................... 145 Aminodiphenylamine Sulfate Reagent ......................................................................... 146 Aminophenol Hydrochloride Solution ......................................................................... 146 Ammoniacal Silver Oxide Solution ............................................................................... 147 Ammonium Chloride Reagent ...................................................................................... 147 Ammonium Dithiocarbamate Solution ........................................................................ 148 Ammonium Molybdate Reagent ................................................................................... 148 Ammonium Molybdate Solution (Deniges) ................................................................ 149 Ammonium Test .............................................................................................................. 149 Ammonium Test (Gutzeit Scheme) .............................................................................. 150 Aniline Reagent (Shear) .................................................................................................. 150 Aniline Sulfate Reagent ................................................................................................... 151 Aniline-Phenol Reagent .................................................................................................. 151 Anisaldehyde Reagent (Minovici) ................................................................................. 152 Antimony Trichloride Reagent ...................................................................................... 152 Aqua Regia Reagent ......................................................................................................... 153 Arnold-Mentzel’s Solution .............................................................................................. 153 Arnold’s Base .................................................................................................................... 154 Table of Contents vii Arsenazo I Reagent .......................................................................................................... 154 Arsine Generation Test ................................................................................................... 155 Aurantia Solution ............................................................................................................ 156 Ball’s Reagent .................................................................................................................... 156 Beilstein Test ..................................................................................................................... 157 Benedict’s Solution (Carbonyl) ...................................................................................... 157 Benedict’s Solution (Sulfur) ............................................................................................ 158 Benzoin Reagent .............................................................................................................. 159 Benzopurpurin 4 B Reagent ........................................................................................... 159 Bettendorf ’s Test .............................................................................................................. 160 Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Protein Test ........................................................................ 160 Bisulfi te Test.......................................................................................................................161 Biuret Paper ...................................................................................................................... 162 Biuret Protein Test ........................................................................................................... 162 Borate Test (Gutzeit Scheme) ......................................................................................... 163 Borinski’s Reagent ............................................................................................................ 163 Bougault’s Reagent ........................................................................................................... 164 Bradford Reagent ............................................................................................................. 165 Brady’s Reagent ................................................................................................................ 165 Bromic Acid Test .............................................................................................................. 166 Bromine Water Solution ................................................................................................. 166 Brucine Solution (Tin) .................................................................................................... 167 Caley’s Reagent ................................................................................................................. 168 Carmine Red Reagent ..................................................................................................... 168 Casolori’s Reagent ............................................................................................................ 169 Catalase Test ..................................................................................................................... 169 Celsi’s Reagent .................................................................................................................. 170 Ceric Nitrate Reagent ...................................................................................................... 170 Chloric Acid Test ............................................................................................................. 171 Chlorine Dioxide Test ..................................................................................................... 171 Chromotropic Acid Reagent (Iron) ............................................................................... 172 Cinchonine - Potassium Iodide Solution ..................................................................... 172 Cinchonine Solution (Tungsten) ................................................................................... 173 Clor-N-Oil 50 ................................................................................................................... 173 Cobalt Th iocyanate Reagent ............................................................................................174 Copper Metal Test ........................................................................................................... 175 Cuprion Reagent .............................................................................................................. 175 Cuprous Iodide Paper ..................................................................................................... 176 Curcumin Solution .......................................................................................................... 177 Deniges’ Reagent .............................................................................................................. 177 Diaminobenzene Solution .............................................................................................. 178 Diazine Green S Solution ............................................................................................... 178 Dichlorofl uorescein Reagent .......................................................................................... 179 Diethylnicotinamide Reagent ........................................................................................ 179 Dihydroxyacetophenone Solution ................................................................................. 180 Dille-Koppanyi Reagent, Modifi ed ................................................................................ 180 Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (p-DMAB) ....................................................................181 viii Table of Contents Dimethylglyoxime Reagent .............................................................................................181 Dinitrobenzene Reagent ................................................................................................. 182 Dinitrotoluene Test .......................................................................................................... 182 Diphenylamine Indicator Solution ................................................................................ 183 Diphenylamine Reagent .................................................................................................. 183 Diphenylcarbazide Reagent (Chromate) ...................................................................... 184 Diphenylcarbazide Test ................................................................................................... 184 Diphenylcarbazone Reagent (Germanium) ................................................................. 185 Diphenylcarbazone Reagent (Mercury) ....................................................................... 185 Dipyridyl Reagent ............................................................................................................ 186 Dithizone Reagent (Lead) ............................................................................................... 186 Dithizone Reagent (Tin) ................................................................................................. 187 Dragendorff ’s Reagent .................................................................................................... 188 Drager Acetaldehyde 100/a ............................................................................................ 188 Drager Acetic Acid 5/a .................................................................................................... 189 Drager Acetone 100/b ..................................................................................................... 189 Drager Acid Test .............................................................................................................. 190 Drager Acrylonitrile 0.5/a ............................................................................................... 190 Drager Alcohol 100/a ...................................................................................................... 190 Drager Amine Test ........................................................................................................... 191 Drager Ammonia 2/a ...................................................................................................... 191 Drager Aniline 0.5/a ........................................................................................................ 192 Drager Arsine 0.05/a ....................................................................................................... 192 Drager Benzene 0.5/a ...................................................................................................... 192 Drager Carbon Dioxide 5%/A ....................................................................................... 193 Drager Carbon Monoxide 2/a ........................................................................................ 193 Drager Carbon Tetrachloride 5/c .................................................................................. 194 Drager CDS Simultaneous Test Set I - Tube 1 ............................................................. 194 Drager CDS Simultaneous Test Set I - Tube 2 ............................................................. 195 Drager CDS Simultaneous Test Set I - Tube 3 ............................................................. 195 Drager CDS Simultaneous Test Set I - Tube 4 ............................................................. 196 Drager CDS Simultaneous Test Set I - Tube 5 ............................................................. 196 Drager CDS Simultaneous Test Set V - Tube 1 ............................................................ 197 Drager CDS Simultaneous Test Set V - Tube 2 ............................................................ 197 Drager CDS Simultaneous Test Set V - Tube 3 ............................................................ 198 Drager CDS Simultaneous Test Set V - Tube 4 ............................................................ 198 Drager CDS Simultaneous Test Set V - Tube 5 ............................................................ 199 Drager Chlorine 0.2/a .....................................................................................................200 Drager Clan Lab Simultaneous Test Set - Tube 1 ........................................................200 Drager Clan Lab Simultaneous Test Set - Tube 2 ........................................................200 Drager Clan Lab Simultaneous Test Set - Tube 3 ........................................................ 201 Drager Clan Lab Simultaneous Test Set - Tube 4 ........................................................ 202 Drager Clan Lab Simultaneous Test Set - Tube 5 ........................................................ 202 Drager Cyanide 2/a .......................................................................................................... 203 Drager Cyanogen Chloride 0.25/a ................................................................................. 203 Drager Ethylene 0.1/a ......................................................................................................204 Drager Halogenated Hydrocarbon 100/a .....................................................................204 Table of Contents ix Drager Hydrazine 0.2/a ................................................................................................... 205 Drager Hydrocyanic Acid 2/a ........................................................................................ 205 Drager Hydrogen Fluoride 1.5/b ................................................................................... 205 Drager Hydrogen Peroxide 0.1/a ...................................................................................206 Drager Hydrogen Sulfi de 0.2/a ......................................................................................206 Drager Hydrogen Sulfi de 0.2/b ...................................................................................... 207 Drager Mercaptan 0.5/a .................................................................................................. 207 Drager Mercury Vapour 0.1/b ........................................................................................208 Drager Methyl Bromide 0.5/a ........................................................................................208 Drager Natural Gas Odorization Tertiary Butylmercaptan .......................................208 Drager Nickel Tetracarbonyl 0.1/a ................................................................................209 Drager Nitrogen Dioxide 0.5/c ......................................................................................209 Drager Nitrous Fumes 0.5/a ........................................................................................... 210 Drager Nitrous Fumes 20/a ............................................................................................ 210 Drager Olefi ne 0.05%/a ....................................................................................................211 Drager Organic Arsenic Compounds and Arsine ........................................................211 Drager Organic Basic Nitrogen Compounds ............................................................... 212 Drager Ozone 0.05/b ....................................................................................................... 212 Drager Perchloroethylene 0.1/a ..................................................................................... 213 Drager Phenol 1/b ........................................................................................................... 213 Drager Phosgene 0.02/a ...................................................................................................214 Drager Phosgene 0.05/a .................................................................................................. 215 Drager Phosphine 0.1/a .................................................................................................. 215 Drager Phosphoric Acid Esters 0.05/a .......................................................................... 215 Drager Simultaneous Test Set I - Tube 1 .......................................................................216 Drager Simultaneous Test Set I - Tube 2 .......................................................................216 Drager Simultaneous Test Set I - Tube 3 ...................................................................... 217 Drager Simultaneous Test Set I - Tube 4 ...................................................................... 217 Drager Simultaneous Test Set I - Tube 5 ...................................................................... 218 Drager Simultaneous Test Set II - Tube 1 ..................................................................... 218 Drager Simultaneous Test Set II - Tube 2 ..................................................................... 219 Drager Simultaneous Test Set II - Tube 3 ..................................................................... 219 Drager Simultaneous Test Set II - Tube 4 ..................................................................... 220 Drager Simultaneous Test Set II - Tube 5 ..................................................................... 220 Drager Simultaneous Test Set III - Tube 1.................................................................... 221 Drager Simultaneous Test Set III - Tube 2.................................................................... 221 Drager Simultaneous Test Set III - Tube 3.................................................................... 222 Drager Simultaneous Test Set III - Tube 4.................................................................... 222 Drager Simultaneous Test Set III - Tube 5.................................................................... 223 Drager Th ioether ............................................................................................................. 223 Drager Toluene Diisocyanate 0.02/A ............................................................................ 224 Drop-Ex Plus™ .................................................................................................................. 224 Duquenois-Levine Reagent, Modifi ed .......................................................................... 225 Ethyl-8-Hydroxytetrahydroquinoline HCl Reagent ................................................... 226 Fehling’s Solution ............................................................................................................. 226 Ferric Chloride Reagent .................................................................................................. 227 Ferric Ferricyanide Test .................................................................................................. 228 x Table of Contents Ferric Solution Test.......................................................................................................... 228 Ferric Th iocyanate Reagent ............................................................................................ 229 Ferricyanide Test .............................................................................................................. 229 Ferrocyanide Test (Ferric Chloride) .............................................................................. 230 Ferrocyanide Test (Gutzeit Scheme) ............................................................................. 230 Ferrous Hydroxide Reagent ............................................................................................ 231 Firearm Discharge Residue Test .................................................................................... 231 Fizz Test ............................................................................................................................. 232 Fluoride Test Strip ........................................................................................................... 232 Fluorescamine Test for Protein ...................................................................................... 233 Fluorescein Reagent (Bromides) .................................................................................... 234 Fluorescein Reagent (Halogens) .................................................................................... 234 Fluorescein Reagent (Uranyl) ........................................................................................ 235 Formaldoxime Reagent ................................................................................................... 235 Froede Reagent ................................................................................................................. 236 Gas Production with Sulfuric Acid................................................................................ 237 Gastec Tube #180 ............................................................................................................. 237 Gold Chloride Reagent ................................................................................................... 238 Gold Chloride Reagent (Th iol) ...................................................................................... 238 Griess Test ......................................................................................................................... 239 Griess’ Paper (Yellow) ...................................................................................................... 239 Guerin’s Reagent ..............................................................................................................240 Hearon-Gustavson’s Reagents ........................................................................................240 Hydrogen Peroxide Reagent ........................................................................................... 241 Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride Reagent ....................................................................... 241 Hypohalogenite Diff erentiation Test .............................................................................242 Hypohalogenite Test ........................................................................................................ 243 Indigo Carmine Reagent (Chlorate) .............................................................................244 Indigo Carmine Reagent (Chromate) ...........................................................................244 Iodic Acid Test 1............................................................................................................... 245 Iodic Acid Test 2............................................................................................................... 245 Iodine-Sulfi de Reagent .................................................................................................... 245 Isatin Reagent (Mercaptan) ............................................................................................246 ITS Cyanide ReagentStrip™ ............................................................................................246 ITS SenSafe™ Water Metal Test ....................................................................................... 247 Jaff e’s Reagent ...................................................................................................................248 Janovsky Test ....................................................................................................................248 Lactase Test ....................................................................................................................... 249 Lead Acetate Test Strip (JD175) ..................................................................................... 249 Lead(II) Test ..................................................................................................................... 250 Lead Sulfi de Paper ........................................................................................................... 251 Lowry Protein Test .......................................................................................................... 251 Luff ’s Reagent ................................................................................................................... 252 Lugol Starch Test ....................................................................