Process plants : a handbook for inherently safer design

Introduction: What are Inherently Safer and User-Friendly Plants? Introduction Inherently Safer and Friendlier Design as Part of an Overall Approach Hierarchy of Controls References Inherently Safer Design: The Concept and Its Scope and Benefits The Concept Defense in Depth The Scope The Benefits of Inherently Safer Design Appendix: The Lady and the Tiger--A New Version of an Old Tale References and Notes Intensification Process Intensification Reaction Distillation Heat Transfer Other Unit Operations Storage Intensification by Detailed Design Many Small Plants or One Big One? Some Thoughts on Intensification as Minimization Appendix: Conference Report--New Technology References and Notes Substitution The Use of Safer Nonreactive Agents Choosing Less Hazardous Processes References and Notes Attenuation Attenuated Reactions Attenuated Storage and Transport A Railway Analogy References and Notes Limitation of Effects Limitation of Effects by Equipment Design Limitation of Effects by Changing Reaction Conditions Elimination of Hazards References and Notes Simplification The Reasons for Complexity Stronger Equipment Can Replace Relief Systems Resistant Materials of Construction Can Replace Protective Instruments Designs Free from Opportunities for Human Error Design Change Can Avoid the Need for Better Instrumentation Relocation Can Avoid the Need for Complication Simple Technology Can Replace High Technology Leaving Things Out Power Fluidics: Avoiding Moving Parts Other Examples of Simplification Modification Chains References and Notes Simplification: Specifications and Flexibility Following Rules to the Letter Asking for Too Much Flexibility Three Problems Appendix: Some Comments on Simplification References Other Ways of Making Plants Friendlier Avoiding Knock-On Effects Making Incorrect Assembly Impossible Making Status Clear Tolerance of Misuse Ease of Control Computer Control Instructions and Other Procedures Life-Cycle Friendliness Other Industries Analogies Passive Safety References and Notes The Road to Friendlier Plants Constraints on the Development of Friendlier Plants The Action Needed The Influence of the Law The Measurement of Friendliness Looking for New Knowledge The Final Decision Inherently Safer Design Offshore: A Case History Appendix: Finding Examples of Inherently Safer Design References and Notes Inherently Safer Design and Process-Safety Management Safety Management Systems Process-Safety Management System Elements Safety Culture References and Notes Friendlier Plants and the Nuclear Industry New Types of Reactor Features of Nuclear Plants Criticality Conclusion References The Role of Inherently Safer Design in Dust Explosion Prevention and Mitigation Dust Explosion Overview Use of the Hierarchy of Controls Intensification Substitution Attenuation Simplification Other Examples Summary of Prevention and Mitigation Measures Concluding Remarks References Inherent-Safety Case Studies Everyday Life Experiences Newspapers and Magazines Topical Conferences Technical Papers Process-Safety Books Case Study Books Other Inherent-Safety Books Books from Other Industries and Applications Training Packages Trade Literature Loss Prevention Bulletins Chemical Safety Board Reports Concluding Remarks References Do We Go Too Far in Removing Risk? Risks to Output and Efficiency Risks to Life and Limb The Contribution of the Operator References The History and Future of Inherently Safer and User-Friendly Design The Start of the Story The Idea Develops Extensions of the Idea Conclusions A True Story (except for the Names): August 2009 A Final Thought References and Notes Further Reading Index to First Edition Appendix A: An Atlas of Safety Thinking