Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. / Vol. 205

A Abiotic parameters, gammarid toxicity effects, 18 Acetylcholinesterase activity, neurotoxicity biomarker, 50 inhibition, OP mode-of-action, 119 Acute poisoning, OP (organophosphorous) pesticides, 132 Acute toxicity, fenamiphos in fish, (table), 140 Animals, fenamiphos acute toxicity (table), 143 Aquatic ecotoxicology, Gammarus spp., 1 ff Aquatic species effects coumaphos, 152 isofenphos, 146 Aquatic species toxicity, fenamiphos (table), 141 Arctic avian species, use as bioindicators, 105 Avian species, bioindicators, 105 Avian species effects coumaphos, 152 isofenphos, 146 B Behavioral assays, gammarids, 22 Behavioral test methods, gammarid toxicity (table), 23 Behavior testing, drift and foraging activity, 29 Bioaccumulation in gulls feeding affects, 87 influential factors, 86 Bioavailability of OP pesticides earthworms, 130 microbes, 130 Bioavailability from soil, OP pesticides, 129 Bioenergetic responses, gammarids, 32 Bioindicator species Arctic birds, 105 in the European Arctic, Svalbard glaucous gull, 77 ff Biological degradation, OP pesticides, 127 Biomarker(s) acetylcholinesterase, 50 for detoxification, glutathione-Stransferase, 52 in gammarids, vitellogenin-like proteins, 45 in Gammarus spp. (table), 38 metallothioneins and lipid peroxidation, 49 Svalbard glaucous gulls, 89 tests, gammarids, 32 Biomonitoring system, multispecies freshwater biomonitor (MFB), 27 Birds effects of coumaphos, 152 effects of isofenphos, 146 Breakdown in water, coumaphos, 151 Brominated flame retardants, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 81 C Carbamate insecticides, neurotoxic biomarker, 50 Carcinogenicity, isofenphos, 148 Chemical classes, OP pesticides, 119 Chemical contamination, European Arctic, 78 Chemical properties, fenamiphos (table), 134 Chemical toxicity, freshwater invertebrates and fish (table), 9 Chemical toxicity, gammarids, 7 Chemistry, OP pesticides, 118 Chiral legacy organochlorines, glaucous gulls, 81 Chitin and molting, gammarid biomarker, 46 Chronic toxicity fenamiphos, 143 isofenphos, 147 D.M. Whitacre (ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 205, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-5623-1, C  Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 163 164 Index Coastal sediment toxicity, G. locusta, 8 Contaminant(s) effects, Svalbard glaucous gulls (table), 89 exposure, thermoregulatory effects, 97 genotoxicity, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 100 levels and patterns, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 79 vs. nest temperature, Svalbard glaucous gulls (illus.), 98 research, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 77 ff Svalbard glaucous gull residues, 84 Contaminated sediment toxicity, G. pulex, 8 Contaminate effects, on avian species, 104 Contaminate list, definitions (table), 109 Coumaphos aquatic species effects, 152 avian species effects, 152 description, 150 ecotoxicology, 152 environmental fate, 150 fate in water, 151 Culturing gammarids, methods, 6 D Daphnia, post-exposure feeding depression, 20 DDT contamination, European Arctic, 80 Degradation of isofenphos, vegetation, 146 in soil and water, fenamiphos, 134 Depuration, gammarid toxicity, 19 Drift behavior, Gammarus and pollution, 22 and predators, 22 E Earthworms, bioavailability of OP pesticides, 130 Ecological biomarkers, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 89 Ecotoxicology coumaphos, 152 fenamiphos, 139 Gammarus spp., 1 ff isofenphos, 146 Embryotoxicity in gammarids, pollutants, 42 Emerging test species, Gammarus spp., 64 Endocrine disruption in Gammarids, endpoints, 45 Environmental fate coumaphos, 150 fenamiphos, 134 OP pesticides, 117 ff., 121 European Arctic chemical contamination, 78 organochlorine contamination, 80 Svalbard glaucous gull bioindicator species, 77 ff Excretion rate, gammarids, 32 Exposure modes, assessing gammarids (table), 54 Exposure types, gammarids, 53 Extraction methods, organic pollutants in soil, 131 F Fate in animals, isofenphos, 149 in humans, isofenphos, 149 in mammals, fenamiphos, 142 in soil, isofenphos, 154 in water, coumaphos, 151 in water, isofenphos, 145 Feeding activity testing, gammarids, 10 methods (table), 11 Feeding rate and uptake, gammarid toxicity, 19 Fenamiphos acute toxicity animals (table), 143 aquatic and terrestrial species (table), 141 chronic toxicity, 143 description, 133 ecotoxicology, 139 environmental fate, 134 fate and toxicity, 117 ff mammalian fate and toxicity, 142 and metabolites leaching behavior, 137 soil sorption (tables), 136 microbial effects, 137 physiochemical properties (table), 134 plant metabolism, 138 soil behavior, 135 water residues (table), 135 wildlife effects, 141 Fish toxicity, fenamiphos and metabolites (table), 140 Food choice experiments, Gammarus, 16 Freshwater invertebrates and fish, chemical toxicity (table), 9 G Gametogenesis activity, Gammarus spp., 48 Gammaridea, natural habitat, 2 Gammarid(s) behavioral assays, 22 bioenergetic responses, 32 Index 165 biomarker(s) chitin and molting, 46 heat shock proteins, 45, 48 effects, pulsed exposure models, 57 endocrine disruption endpoints, 45 excretion and respiration rates, 32 exposure assessment, modes (tables), 54 types, 53 feeding activity testing, 10 and rate, modeling, 19 test methods (table), 11 toxicity effects, 18 feeding ecology, parasite effects, 21 in situ testing approaches, 58 in situ vs. ex situ test results, 18 laboratory vs. field tests, 18 lethality testing, 7 metallothionein induction, effects, 42 mode-of-action studies, 32 test methods (table), 33 parasites, antipredator effects, 26 predation effects, 20 reproduction, pesticide effects, 44 sediment toxicity assays, 57 sensitivity, metal toxicity, 8 test methods, evaluating existing ones, 62 time-response assays, testing method, 10 toxicity behavioral test methods (table), 23 feeding rate, uptake and depuration, 19 PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons), 8 population dynamics effect, 43 testing, feeding activity (table), 11 use in biomarker tests, 32 Gammarus aquatic ecotoxicology, 1 ff behavior and character, 2 behavior testing, 4 biomarkers (table), 38 culturing methods, 5 drift behavior and pollution, 22 and predators, 22 emerging test species, 5 feeding behavior, 3 food choice experiments, 16 gametogenesis activity, 48 as indicator species, 5 leaf-mass feeding assays, 17 life cycle, 2 mating behavior, 3 multimetric test systems, 64 species distribution, 2 toxicity endpoints, 4 in water quality testing, 1 ff Genotoxicity of contaminants, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 100 Glaucous gulls legacy chiral organochlorines, 81 organohalogen contaminates (illus.), 80 G. locusta, coastal sediment toxicity, 8 Glucocorticoid effects, Svalbard glaucous gull residues, 96 Glutathione-S-transferase activity, detoxification biomarker, 52 Gonadal steroid hormones, Svalbard glaucous gull effects, 95 G. pulex, contaminated sediment toxicity, 8 Groundwater residues, fenamiphos (table), 135 H Half-lives in soil, OP pesticides (table), 130 Hazards to humans and wildlife, OP pesticides, 118 Health effects, OP pesticides, 132 Heat shock proteins, gammarid biomarkers, 45, 48 Hormone effects, Svalbard glaucous gull residues, 94 Hydrolysis affects, OP pesticides, 126 half lives, OP pesticides (table), 124 I Immunity, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 98 In situ testing approaches, gammarids, 58 In situ vs. ex situ test results, gammarids, 18 Isofenphos aquatic species effects, 146 carcinogenicity, 148 chronic toxicity, 147 description, 144 effects on birds, 146 fate in humans and animals, 149 in soil, 145 in water, 145 mammalian toxicity, 147 mutagenicity, 148 reproductive toxicity, 148 teratogenic effects, 148 L Laboratory vs. field tests, gammarids, 18 Leaching behavior, fenamiphos, 137 166 Index Leaching potential, OP pesticides, 125 table, 124 Leaf-mass feeding assays, Gammarus, 17 Lethality testing, gammarids, 7 Life cycle, Gammarus, 2 Lipid peroxidation, biomarker for metal exposure, 49 Long-term toxicity, fenamiphos, 143 M Mammalian fate and toxicity, fenamiphos, 142 Mammalian toxicity, isofenphos, 147 Mercury residues, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 86 Metabolic enzymes, vertebrate effects, 93 Metabolism OP pesticides, 121 in plants, fenamiphos, 138 Metabolites, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 82 Metallothionein(s) induction in gammarids, effects, 42 and metal exposure, biomarkers, 49 Metal toxicity gammarids, 7 sensitivity, 8 Microbial bioavailability, OP pesticides, 129 Microbial degradation, OP pesticides, 127 Microbial effects, fenamiphos, 137 Mode-of-action OP pesticides, 119 studies, gammarids, 32 test methods, gammarids (table), 33 Modeling, gammarid feeding activity and rate, 19 Multimetric Gammarus spp. tests, perspectives, 64 Multiple stressor biomarkers, Gammarus spp. (table), 38 Multispecies freshwater biomonitor (MFB), biomonitoring system, 27 Mutagenicity, isofenphos, 148 N Nemacur, fenamiphos, 133 Nematicide description, fenamiphos, 133 Nematode infestation vs. PCB levels, Svalbard glaucous gulls (illus.), 100 Neurotoxic biomarker, acetylcholinesterase, 50 Neurotoxic effects, OP pesticides, 132 Neurotoxic mechanism, OP pesticides, 119 O Occupational poisoning, OP pesticides, 132 OP mode-of-action, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, 119 OP (organophosphorous) pesticides, description, 118 OP pesticides acute poisoning, 132 affect of hydrolysis, 126 biological degradation, 127 chemistry, 118 environmental fate and transport, 121 factors affecting bioavailability, 129 health effects, 132 human and wildlife hazards, 118 hydrolysis half lives (table), 124 leaching potential, 125 table, 124 metabolism, 121 microbial bioavailability, 129 microbial degradation, 127 mode-of-action, 119 neurotoxic biomarker, 50 neurotoxic effects, 132 occupational poisoning, 132 oxidation/reduction, 126 photolytic stability, 126 run-off potential, 125 soil adsorption values (table), 124 bioavailability, 129 half-lives (table), 130 sorption to soil, 122 structural types, 119 illustration, 120 volatility, 124 Organic pollutants in soil, extraction methods, 131 Organochlorine(s) contamination, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 84 in glaucous gulls, legacy chiral forms, 81 gull residues over time (illus.), 85 legacy contaminants, 79 site-specific accumulation effects, 88 Organohalogen contaminants, male glaucous gulls (illus.), 80 Organometals, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 83 Organophosphorous (OP) pesticides, fate and toxicity, 117 ff Organotins, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 84 Oxidation/reduction, OP pesticides, 126 Oxidative stress, metal exposure, 49 Oxychlordane effects, gull breeding affects (illus.), 104 P PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons), gammarid toxicity, 8 Index 167 Parasite(s) effects, gammarid feeding ecology, 21 Svalbard glaucous gulls, 98 PBBs (polybrominated biphenyls), Svalbard glaucous gulls, 81 PBDE (polybrominated dephenyl ether) residues, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 86 Svalbard glaucous gulls, 81 vertebrate metabolism, 82 PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) contaminants, European Arctic, 79 levels vs. nematode infestation, Svalbard glaucous gulls (illus.), 100 thyroxin ratio effects (illus.), 95 vertebrate metabolism, 82 Persistence in soil, OP pesticides (table), 130 Pesticide(s) effects, gammarid reproduction, 44 exposure types, gammarids, 53 fate and toxicity of OPs, 117 ff toxicity, gammarids, 7 PFASs (per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances), Svalbard glaucous gull residues, 83 PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), Svalbard glaucous gull residues, 83 Photolytic stability, OP pesticides, 126 Physical properties, fenamiphos (table), 134 Plant degradation, isofenphos, 146 metabolism, fenamiphos, 138 Pleopod beat frequency, pollutant bioassay, 29 Pollutant bioassay, pleopod beat frequency, 29 effects in gammarids, embryotoxicity, 42 Population dynamics effect, gammarids, 43 Porphyrins, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 93 Post-exposure feeding depression, Daphnia, 20 Predation effects, gammarids, 20 Prolactin effects, Svalbard glaucous gull residues, 96 Pulsed exposure models, gammarid effects, 57 R Reproduction effects, Svalbard glaucous gull residues, 101 Reproductive behavior effects, Svalbard glaucous gull residues, 102 Reproductive toxicity, isofenphos, 148 Residue accumulation affects, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 88 Respiration rate, gammarids, 32 Retinoid effects, Svalbard glaucous gull metabolism, 93 Runoff potential, OP pesticides, 125 S Sediment toxicity assays, gammarids, 57 Soil adsorption values, OP pesticides (table), 124 behavior, fenamiphos, 135 bioavailability, OP pesticides, 129 degradation coumaphos, 150 fenamiphos, 134 fate, isofenphos, 145 persistence, OP pesticides (table), 130 sorption fenamiphos and metabolites (tables), 136 OP pesticides, 122 processes, OP pesticides, 123 Structural types, OP pesticides (illus.), 120 Surfactant toxicity, gammarids, 7 Svalbard glaucous gull bioaccumulation and age, 87 bioindicator species, 77 ff breeding effects, oxychlordane residues (illus.), 104 brominated flame retardants, 81 chemical-induced effects, 78 contaminant(s) effects (table), 89 genotoxicity, 100 levels and patterns, 79 vs. next temperature (illus.), 98 contamination, 84 ecological biomarkers, 89 effects, immunity and parasites, 98 gender and bioaccumulation, 86 hydroxylated metabolites, 82 mercury residues, 86 metabolic enzyme effects, 93 metabolism, retinoids, 93 organochlorine residues over time (illus.), 85 organometals, 83 PBBs, 81 PBDEs, 81 residues, 86 PFAS residues, 83 PFOS residues, 83 porphyrins, 93 residues 168 Index Svalbard glaucous (cont.) accumulation affects, 88 gonadal steroid hormones, 95 hormone effects, 94 reproduction effects, 101 reproductive behavior effects, 102 thermoregulatory effects, 97 trace elements, 83 T Teratogenic effects, isofenphos, 148 Terrestrial species toxicity, fenamiphos (table), 141 Test methods for gammarids, evaluating existing ones, 62 Threshold level effects, contaminants and avian species, 104 Thyroxin ratio effect, PCBs (illus.), 95 Time-response assay methods, gammarids, 10 Toxicant effects, gammarid exposure modes (table), 54 Toxic effects, behavioral changes in MFB, 27 Toxicity in animals, fenamiphos (table), 143 of chemicals, gammarids, 7 effects on feeding, gammarid test methods (table), 11 gammarid feeding activity, 18 in fish, fenamiphos and metabolites (table), 140 to gammarids, behavioral test methods (table), 23 in mammals, fenamiphos, 142 OP pesticides, 117 ff Trace elements, Svalbard glaucous gulls, 83 Transport in environment, OP pesticides, 121 processes, OP pesticides, 122 V Vegetation, isofenphos breakdown, 146 Vertebrate(s) metabolic enzyme effects, 93 metabolism, PCBs and PBDEs, 82 Vitellogenin-like proteins, gammarid biomarkers, 45 Volatility, OP pesticides, 124 W Water -induced degradation, fenamiphos, 134 quality testing, Gammarus spp., 1 ff residues, fenamiphos (table), 135 Wildlife effects, fenamiphos, 141