Basic hazardous waste management

Chapter 1 Hazardous Waste Perspective 1 -- Dawning of the Problem 2 -- Early Hazardous Waste Management 3 -- "Take It Out Back and Dump It" 12 -- "Treatment" and Other Assorted Techniques 13 -- Numbers and Impacts 16 -- Early Efforts--What Worked/Didn't Work 19 -- Legislation/Litigation 19 -- Political 25 -- Administrative 26 -- Technical 27 -- International Aspects 29 -- Chapter 2 Definition of Hazardous Waste 37 -- Chemist 38 -- Life Scientist/Health Professional 39 -- Environmentalist 39 -- Legislator/Lawyer/Administrator/Diplomat 40 -- Implementing the RCRA Definition of "Hazardous Waste" 41 -- Hazardous Waste Characteristics 42 -- Listed Hazardous Wastes 44 -- "Mixture" and "Derived-From" Rules 46 -- Hazardous Waste Identification Rule Development 46 -- "Contained-In Policy" 48 -- Chapter 3 Pathways, Fates, and Disposition of Hazardous Waste Releases 51 -- Releases of Chemicals to the Environment 52 -- Releases to the Atmosphere 52 -- Releases to Surface Waters 54 -- Releases to Land 55 -- Movement, Fates, and Disposition 56 -- Behavior of Waste Constituents Released to the Atmosphere 56 -- Movement of Hazardous Waste Constituents in Surface Waters 58 -- Pathways of Hazardous Waste Constituents Reaching Groundwater 58 -- Chemical Transformations 62 -- Chapter 4 Toxicology and the Standard-Setting Processes 69 -- Public Health Impacts 70 -- Toxicity Hazard 70 -- Toxic Actions 74 -- Risk Assessment and Standards 75 -- Other Hazards 81 -- Regulatory Application of Health Standards and Criteria 83 -- Technology-Based Standards 83 -- Risk-Based Standards 83 -- RCRA Standards 84 -- Standards Implementing the Land Disposal Restrictions 84 -- Chapter 5 Hazardous Waste Sources/Generators 89 -- Generator Defined 90 -- Three Classifications of Generators 90 -- Wastes Generated 91 -- Regulatory Requirements 92 -- EPA ID Number 94 -- Pretransport Regulations 94 -- Accumulation of Waste 97 -- Manifest 99 -- Biennial Reporting Requirements 101 -- Records Retention 101 -- Exports and Imports of Hazardous Wastes 102 -- Generator Responsibilities for Restricted Waste Management 102 -- Generator Requirements 102 -- Appendix A Examples of Hazardous Wastes Produced by Basic Industries 105 -- Appendix B DOT Eight-Step Procedure for Preparation of Hazardous Material Shipments 106 -- Chapter 6 Transportation of Hazardous Wastes 107 -- Modes and Scope of Hazardous Waste Transportation 108 -- Highway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes 109 -- Railway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes 110 -- Accidents/Incidents Involving Hazardous Waste Shipments 111 -- Regulatory Structures 114 -- Department of Transportation Regulations 114 -- Transportation Incidents Involving Hazardous Wastes 115 -- RCRA Regulations for Hazardous Waste Transporters 116 -- EPA ID Number 117 -- Manifest 117 -- Handling Hazardous Waste Discharges 118 -- Import/Export Activity 118 -- Chapter 7 Treatment and Disposal Methods and Processes 127 -- Administrative and Nontechnical Requirements 128 -- Subpart A-- Facilities That Are Subject to the Regulations 129 -- Subpart B-- General Facility Standards 129 -- Subpart C-- Preparedness and Prevention 132 -- Subpart D-- Contingency Plan and Emergency Procedures 133 -- Subpart E-- Manifest System, Record Keeping, and Reporting 135 -- General Technical Standards for Interim Status and Permitted Facilities 135 -- Part 265, Subpart F--Groundwater Monitoring 136 -- Part 264, Subpart F--Releases from Solid Waste Management Units 138 -- Subpart G-- Closure, Post-Closure 140 -- Subpart H-- Financial Requirements 141 -- Hazardous Waste Treatment 142 -- Activated Carbon Adsorption 146 -- Stripping 146 -- Neutralization 148 -- Precipitation 150 -- Stabilization and Solidification 153 -- Oxidation and Reduction 155 -- Biological Treatment 155 -- Subpart Q-- Chemical,. Physical, and Biological Treatment 156 -- Destruction of Hazardous Wastes by Thermal Processes 158 -- Subpart O-- Hazardous Waste Incinerators 162 -- Subpart P-- Thermal Treatment of Hazardous waste 165 -- Accumulation and Storage of Hazardous Waste 165 -- Subpart I-- Containers 166 -- Subpart J-- Tanks 169 -- Subpart DD--Storage in Containment Buildings 173 -- Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste 173 -- Landfills 174 -- Subpart N-- Landfills 176 -- Surface Impoundments 179 -- Subpart K-- Surface Impoundments 180 -- Waste Piles 182 -- Subpart L-- Waste Piles 183 -- Land Treatment 184 -- Subpart M-- Land Treatment 184 -- Underground Disposal 185 -- Subpart R-- Underground Injection 187 -- Other Treatment and Disposal Methods 188 -- Ocean Dumping 188 -- Ocean Incineration 189 -- Land Disposal Restrictions 189 -- Appendix A MACT Emission Standards for Hazardous Waste Combustion Units 193 -- Chapter 8 Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimization, Reuse, and Recycling 197 -- Hazardous Waste Minimization Techniques 199 -- Source Reduction 199 -- Product Changes 201 -- Source Control 202 -- Hazardous Waste Recycling 206 -- Use and Reuse 207 -- Reclamation 209 -- Multi-Conceptual Approaches 210 -- RCRA Hazardous Waste Minimization Program 210 -- RCRA Regulation of Recycling 212 -- EPA Implementation of The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990 213 -- Appendix A State Agency P2 Linkages and Resources 218 -- Appendix B P2 Information, Concepts, and Linkages 220 -- Chapter 9 RCRA Permits, Compliance, and Enforcement 223 -- Permits to Treat, Store, or Dispose of Hazardous Waste 224 -- Facilities Permitted 224 -- Permitting Process 225 -- "Permit As a Shield" 228 -- Closure Plans and Post-Closure Permits 228 -- RCRA Permits As a "Virtual Elimination" Tool 229 -- Corrective Action Process 229 -- Remediation Waste Management Units 231 -- Compliance Requirements of RCRA 232 -- Self-Monitoring 233 -- Inspections 235 -- Enforcement of RCRA Regulations 236 -- Informal Administrative Actions 236 -- Formal Administrative Orders 237 -- Civil Actions 237 -- Criminal Action 238 -- Chapter 10 Assessment Techniques for Site Remediation 241 -- Identifying Problem Sites and Obtaining Background Information 243 -- Purpose 243 -- Cultural History 244 -- Technical Information 244 -- Regulatory History 244 -- Background Report 245 -- Site Assessment Procedures in the Private Sector 245 -- Pre-Phase I 246 -- Phase I 246 -- Phase II 246 -- Standardized Environmental Site Assessments 247 -- Environmental Audits 247 -- Environmental Management Systems 249 -- Compliance Inspections/Investigations by Regulatory Agencies 249 -- Purpose 249 -- Inspection Plan 250 -- Conduct of the Inspection/Investigation 251 -- Site Evaluation 261 -- National Priorities List 261 -- Hazard Ranking System 262 -- Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study 262 -- Record of Decision 263 -- Negotiations, Enforcement 263 -- Appendix A ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process (Appendix x2) 266 -- Chapter 11 Site Remedial Technologies, Practices, and Regulations 271 -- Remedial Objectives 273 -- Programmatic Objectives 273 -- Technical Objectives 273 -- On-Site Remedial Techniques 275 -- Containment Methods 275 -- Extraction Methods 277 -- Treatment Methods 286 -- Destruction Methods 292 -- Off-Site Technologies and Practices 293 -- Excavation 295 -- Mechanical and Hydraulic Dredging 298 -- RCRA and Superfund Remedial Actions 298 -- RCRA Corrective Actions 298 -- Superfund Remedial Actions 299 -- Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model 301 -- Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative and Environmental Justice 301 -- Appendix A Typical Plants Used in Various Phytoremediation Applications 308 -- Chapter 121 Medical/Biomedical/Infectious Waste Management 309 -- Definition and Characterization of Medical Waste 312 -- Infectious Waste 312 -- Medical Waste 312 -- Infectious Waste Management 314 -- Designation of Infectious Waste 314 -- Segregation of Infectious Waste 315 -- Packaging of Infectious Waste 315 -- Storage of Infectious Waste 316 -- Transport of Infectious Waste 319 -- Treatment of Infectious Waste 320 -- Steam Sterilization 320 -- Incineration 321 -- Chemical Disinfection 323 -- Emerging Treatment Technologies 326 -- Disposal of Treated Waste 327 -- Contingency Planning 327 -- Regulatory and Advisory Considerations 329 -- Staff Training 330 -- Appendix A Bloodborne Pathogens Final Standard: Summary of Key Provisions 332 -- Chapter 13 Radioactive Waste Management 335 -- Nature, Effects, and Measurement of Radioactivity 338 -- Radioactivity 338 -- Types of Radiation 339 -- Measurement of Radioactivity 342 -- Human Health Effects of Exposure to Radiation 343 -- Radiation Protection 344 -- Permissible Dose Concepts and Applications 344 -- ALARA Concept 345 -- Pathways of Dispersion and Human Exposure 345 -- Physical Protection 346 -- Radiological Monitoring Programs 346 -- Regulatory Structures 350 -- Historical Development of Policies and Statutes 350 -- Statutory and Regulatory Framework 351 -- Department of Energy Management of Cleanup Programs 352 -- High-Level Radioactive Waste Management 352 -- HLW Defined and Described 352 -- HLW Treatment and Disposal 352 -- Transuranic Waste Management 357 -- TRU Defined and Described 357 -- TRU Disposal 358 -- Low-Level Waste Management 359 -- LLW Defined and Classified 359 -- Treatment and Disposal of LLW 359 -- Mixed Waste Management 364 -- Mixed Waste Defined and Described 364 -- Uranium Mine and Mill Tailings Management 365