Hazardous materials chemistry for emergency responders 2nd ed

Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Hazardous Materials Statistics ..................................................................................3 DOT/UN Hazard Classes of Hazardous Materials ...................................................6 NFPA 704 Marking System ......................................................................................9 Health ..................................................................................................................10 Flammability .......................................................................................................10 Reactivity (Stability) ...........................................................................................11 Chemical Characteristic Listings and Incidents......................................................12 Chemical and Physical Characteristics Training Competencies.............................13 OSHA 1910.120..................................................................................................13 Operations Level ............................................................................................14 Technician ......................................................................................................14 Specialist ........................................................................................................14 Awareness............................................................................................................15 Operations ...........................................................................................................15 Technician ...........................................................................................................16 Incident Commander...........................................................................................18 Review Questions for Chapter 1 .............................................................................18 Chapter 2 Basics of Chemistry The Periodic Table...................................................................................................22 The Elements ...........................................................................................................23 Atomic Number .......................................................................................................24 Atomic Weight .........................................................................................................25 The Hazmat Elements .............................................................................................28 Hydrogen.............................................................................................................28 History............................................................................................................28 Sources ...........................................................................................................28 Important Compounds....................................................................................29 Uses ................................................................................................................29 Isotopes...........................................................................................................29 Lithium................................................................................................................30 History............................................................................................................30 Sources ...........................................................................................................30 Uses ................................................................................................................30 Sodium ................................................................................................................31 History............................................................................................................31 Sources ...........................................................................................................31 Compounds.....................................................................................................31 Properties........................................................................................................31 Uses ................................................................................................................32 Potassium ............................................................................................................32 History............................................................................................................32 Sources ...........................................................................................................32 Production ......................................................................................................32 Uses ................................................................................................................32 Properties........................................................................................................33 Isotopes...........................................................................................................33 Beryllium ............................................................................................................33 History............................................................................................................33 Sources ...........................................................................................................33 Properties........................................................................................................34 Uses ................................................................................................................34 Magnesium..........................................................................................................34 History............................................................................................................34 Sources ...........................................................................................................35 Properties........................................................................................................35 Uses ................................................................................................................35 Compounds.....................................................................................................35 Calcium ...............................................................................................................35 History............................................................................................................35 Sources ...........................................................................................................36 Properties........................................................................................................36 Uses ................................................................................................................36 Compounds.....................................................................................................36 Barium.................................................................................................................36 History............................................................................................................36 Sources ...........................................................................................................37 Properties........................................................................................................37 Compounds.....................................................................................................37 Uses ................................................................................................................37 Titanium ..............................................................................................................37 History............................................................................................................37 Sources ...........................................................................................................38 Properties........................................................................................................38 Uses ................................................................................................................38 Chromium ...........................................................................................................38 History............................................................................................................38 Sources ...........................................................................................................39 Uses ................................................................................................................39 Compounds.....................................................................................................39 Manganese...........................................................................................................39 History............................................................................................................39 Sources ...........................................................................................................40 Properties........................................................................................................40 Uses ................................................................................................................40 Iron ......................................................................................................................41 History............................................................................................................41 Sources ...........................................................................................................41 Uses ................................................................................................................41 Properties........................................................................................................41 Cobalt ..................................................................................................................42 History............................................................................................................42 Sources ...........................................................................................................42 Properties........................................................................................................42 Uses ................................................................................................................43 Copper.................................................................................................................43 History............................................................................................................43 Properties........................................................................................................43 Sources ...........................................................................................................43 Uses ................................................................................................................44 Silver ...................................................................................................................44 History............................................................................................................44 Sources ...........................................................................................................44 Properties........................................................................................................44 Uses ................................................................................................................45 Gold.....................................................................................................................45 History............................................................................................................45 Sources ...........................................................................................................45 Properties........................................................................................................46 Uses ................................................................................................................46 Zinc .....................................................................................................................46 History............................................................................................................46 Sources ...........................................................................................................47 Properties........................................................................................................47 Uses ................................................................................................................47 Mercury...............................................................................................................48 History............................................................................................................48 Uses ................................................................................................................49 Boron...................................................................................................................49 History............................................................................................................49 Sources ...........................................................................................................49 Properties........................................................................................................50 Uses ................................................................................................................50 Aluminum ...........................................................................................................50 History............................................................................................................50 Sources ...........................................................................................................51 Properties........................................................................................................51 Uses ................................................................................................................51 Compounds.....................................................................................................52 Carbon.................................................................................................................52 History............................................................................................................52 Forms..............................................................................................................52 Compounds.....................................................................................................52 Isotopes...........................................................................................................53 Silicon .................................................................................................................53 History............................................................................................................53 Sources ...........................................................................................................54 Uses ................................................................................................................54 Properties........................................................................................................54 Nitrogen ..............................................................................................................54 History............................................................................................................54 Sources ...........................................................................................................55 Properties........................................................................................................55 Nitrogen Compounds .....................................................................................55 Ammonia.............................................................................................................56 Phosphorus ..........................................................................................................56 History............................................................................................................56 Properties........................................................................................................56 Sources ...........................................................................................................57 Uses ................................................................................................................57 Arsenic ................................................................................................................57 History............................................................................................................57 Properties........................................................................................................58 Uses ................................................................................................................58 Plutonium ............................................................................................................58 History............................................................................................................58 Isotopes...........................................................................................................59 Uses ................................................................................................................59 Properties........................................................................................................59 Oxygen ................................................................................................................60 History............................................................................................................60 Sources ...........................................................................................................60 Properties........................................................................................................60 Forms..............................................................................................................61 Compounds.....................................................................................................61 Uses ................................................................................................................61 Isotopes...........................................................................................................61 Sulfur...................................................................................................................61 History............................................................................................................61 Sources ...........................................................................................................61 Production ......................................................................................................62 Properties........................................................................................................62 Isotopes...........................................................................................................62 Compounds.....................................................................................................63 Uses ................................................................................................................63 Fluorine ...............................................................................................................63 History............................................................................................................63 Properties........................................................................................................63 Uses ................................................................................................................64 Compounds.....................................................................................................64 Handling .........................................................................................................64 Chlorine...............................................................................................................64 History............................................................................................................64 Sources ...........................................................................................................64 Properties........................................................................................................64 Uses ................................................................................................................65 Bromine...............................................................................................................65 History............................................................................................................65 Sources ...........................................................................................................66 Properties........................................................................................................66 Production ......................................................................................................66 Uses ................................................................................................................66 Iodine ..................................................................................................................66 History............................................................................................................66 Sources ...........................................................................................................66 Properties........................................................................................................67 Isotopes...........................................................................................................67 Uses ................................................................................................................67 Uranium ..............................................................................................................67 History............................................................................................................67 Sources ...........................................................................................................68 Properties........................................................................................................68 Isotopes...........................................................................................................68 Uses ................................................................................................................69 Helium.................................................................................................................69 History............................................................................................................69 Sources ...........................................................................................................69 Properties........................................................................................................70 Uses ................................................................................................................70 Neon....................................................................................................................71 History............................................................................................................71 Compounds.....................................................................................................71 Properties........................................................................................................72 Uses ................................................................................................................72 Argon...................................................................................................................72 History............................................................................................................72 Sources ...........................................................................................................72 Properties........................................................................................................72 Uses ................................................................................................................73 Krypton ...............................................................................................................73 History............................................................................................................73 Sources ...........................................................................................................73 Properties........................................................................................................73 Uses ................................................................................................................74 Xenon ..................................................................................................................74 History............................................................................................................74 Uses ................................................................................................................74 Lead.....................................................................................................................75 History............................................................................................................75 Sources ...........................................................................................................75 Properties........................................................................................................75 Forms..............................................................................................................75 Uses ................................................................................................................75 Compounds and Mixtures .......................................................................................76 Solubility .............................................................................................................76 The Atom .................................................................................................................78 Formulae .............................................................................................................79 Ionic Bonding .....................................................................................................80 Covalent Bonding ...............................................................................................82 Salts .....................................................................................................................84 Binary Salts ....................................................................................................88 Binary Oxides (Metal Oxides).......................................................................89 Peroxide Salts.................................................................................................89 Hydroxide Salts..............................................................................................90 Oxysalts..........................................................................................................90 Cyanide Salts..................................................................................................92 Nonmetal Compounds ........................................................................................92 Physical and Chemical Terms .................................................................................94 Review Questions for Chapter 2 .............................................................................94 Chapter 3 Explosives Definition of Explosion ...........................................................................................98 Categories of Explosions.........................................................................................98 Phases of Explosions ...............................................................................................99 Mechanical Overpressure Explosions ...................................................................100 Mechanical/Chemical Explosions .........................................................................100 Chemical Explosions .............................................................................................100 Dust Explosions.....................................................................................................101 Nuclear Explosions................................................................................................103 Components of an Explosion ................................................................................103 Types of Explosives...............................................................................................103 Forbidden Explosives for Transportation ..............................................................106 Types of Chemical Explosions..............................................................................106 Explosive Effects ...................................................................................................107 Yield vs. Order ......................................................................................................108 Explosives Subclasses 1.1 to 1.3...........................................................................109 Nitro Compounds ..................................................................................................109 Incidents.................................................................................................................113 Explosives Subclasses 1.4 to 1.6...........................................................................114 Explosive Chemicals..............................................................................................116 Incidents.................................................................................................................116 Military Explosives................................................................................................117 Summary................................................................................................................118 Review Questions for Chapter 3 ...........................................................................118 Chapter 4 Compressed Gases Flammable Gases...................................................................................................123 Flammable Range .............................................................................................123 Vapor Density ...................................................................................................124 Flammable Gas Elements .................................................................................126 Hydrocarbon Families ......................................................................