Life on earth : an encyclopedia of biodiversity, ecology, and evolution

Abyssal Floor 87 Adaptation 87 Adaptive Radiation 91 Agricultural Ecology 93 Agriculture and Biodiversity Loss: Genetic Engineering and the Second Agricultural Revolution 96 Agriculture and Biodiversity Loss: Industrial Agriculture 99 Agriculture: Benefits of Biodiversity to 105 Agriculture, Origin of 107 Alien Species 114 Amphibians 118 Angiosperms 126 Annelida—The Segmented Worms 132 Anthropology 135 Archaebacteria 140 Archaeology and Sustainable Development 142 Arthropods, Marine 144 Arthropods, Terrestrial 149 Artiodactyls 157 Atmosphere 160 Atmospheric Cycles 162 Atolls 163 Avian Malaria and the Extinction of Hawaiian Birds 164 Bacteria 167 Barrier Islands 171 Beaches 173 Beauty of Nature, Biophilia and Ethics 174 Benthos 178 Biogeography 178 Birds 181 Birds of Guam and the Brown Tree Snake 188 Black Rhinoceros 190 Bluebuck 191 Bony Fishes 192 Botany 197 Brachiopods 200 Bryophytes 202 Bryozoa 205 Carbon Cycle 207 Carnivora 208 Carolina Parakeet 212 Cetacea (Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises) 216 Chiroptera (Bats) 219 Chondrichthyes (Sharks, Rays, Chimaeras) 220 Chordates (Nonvertebrate) 224 Classification, Biological 226 Climatology 229 Cnidarians (Sea Anemones, Corals, and Jellyfish) 232Coastal Wetlands 234 Coevolution 235 Coloniality 237 Communities 238 Conservation Biology 243 Conservation, Definition and History 246 Continental Shelf 249 Continental Slope and Rise 250 Convergence and Parallelism 251 Coral Reefs 252 Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction 259 Cultural Survival, Revival, and Preservation 263 Dams 267 Darwin, Charles 269 Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Faunas 273 Deposition 274 Deserts and Semiarid Scrublands 276 Draining of Wetlands 278 Earthquakes 281 Echinoderms 282 Ecological Niches 287 Ecological Status of Modern Humans 291 Ecology 292 Economics 299 Ecosystems 300 Embryology 308 Endangered Species 312 Erosion 315 Estuaries 318 Ethics of Conservation 320 Ethnology 324 Ethnoscience 329 Evolution 335 Evolutionary Biodiversity 342 Evolutionary Genetics 347 Extinction, Direct Causes of 352 Five Kingdoms of Nature 357 Flabellidium Spinosum 361 Food Webs and Food Pyramids 362 Freshwater 365 Fungi 367 Galapagos Islands and Darwin’s Finches 373 Geological Time Scale 378 Geology, Geomorphology, and Geography 382 Giant, Flightless Island Birds 385 Giant Ground Sloth 388 Glaciation 390 Global Climate Change 393 Great Apes 397 Gymnosperms 399 Habitat Tracking 405 Haplochromine Cichlids of Lake Victoria 407 Herbivory 411 Hole in the Ozone Layer 412 Holocene 413 Homo Sapiens 416 Human Evolution 418 Humans and Biodiversity: Examples from the Hoofed Mammals 424 Hutton, James 430 Hydrologic Cycle 432 Ice Caps and Glaciers 433 Indigenous Conservation 436 Industrial Revolution/Industrialization 439 Interior Wetlands 443 International Trade and Biodiversity 448 Intertidal Zone 449 Lagomorpha 451 Lagoons 453 Lakes 454 Land Use 456 Late Devonian Extinction 459 Late Ordovician Extinction 462 Late Triassic Extinction 465 Lemurs and Other Lower Primates 467 Lichens 469Linguistic Diversity 471 Linnaean Hierarchy 475 Lyell, Charles 479 Mammalia 483 Mass Extinction 486 Medicine, The Benefits of Biodiversity to 488 Meteorology 493 Microbiology 496 Mining 498 Molecular Biology and Biodiversity 500 Mollusca 502 Monkeys 507 Mountains 511 Museums and Biodiversity 514 Natural Selection 519 Nitrogen Cycle 522 Nurseries 523 Nutrient/Energy Cycling 524 Oceanic Trenches 527 Oceans 528 Order Uranotheria 531 Organizations in Biodiversity, The Role of 535 Oxygen, History of Presence in the Atmosphere 543 Paleontology 545 Palestinian Painted Frog 549 Perissodactyls 551 Permo-Triassic Extinction 553 Phylogeny 556 Physical Anthropology 558 Plankton 561 Plate Tectonics 569 Pleistocene Epoch 571 Pollination 574 Pollution 577 Population Growth, Human 582 Population, Human, Curbs to Growth 586 Positive Interactions 591 Preservation of Habitats 594 Preservation of Species 601 Primates 607 Protoctists 610 Pteridophytes 617 Punctuated Equilibria 620 Reptiles 625 Rivers and Streams 636 Rodents 640 Sandalwood Tree 645 Seamounts 646 Sixth Extinction 648 Smallpox 650 Snowball Earth 652 Soil 654 Speciation 657 Species 659 Sponges 664 Subsistence 667 Succession and Successionlike Processes 671 Sustainable Development 677 Systematics 681 Thylacine 689 Tides 691 Topsoil Formation 692 Topsoil, Loss of 693 Tourism, Ecotourism, and Biodiversity 695 Tropical Rain Forests 701 Urbanization 707 Valuing Biodiversity 711 Viruses 714 Volcanoes 717 Wallace, Alfred Russel 719 Xenarthrans (Edentates) 723 Zoology 727