Calcium in human health

Series Editor Introduction ........................................................................................... vii Foreword ....................................................................................................................... xi Preface ........................................................................................................................ xiii Contributors............................................................................................................... xvii 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 Connie M. Weaver and Robert P. Heaney I CALCIUM FUNCTIONS 2 Bone as the Calcium Nutrient Reserve ............................................ 7 Robert P. Heaney 3 Cellular Functions and Fluxes of Calcium .................................... 13 Emmanuel M. Awumey and Richard D. Bukoski II TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING CALCIUM METABOLISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DISEASE 4 Nutritional Epidemiology: Dietary Assessment Methods.............. 39 Carol J. Boushey 5 Clinical Approaches for Studying Calcium Metabolism and Its Relationship to Disease .................................................. 65 Connie M. Weaver 6 Kinetic Studies ................................................................................ 83 Meryl E. Wastney, Yongdong Zhao, and Connie M. Weaver III CALCIUM CONSUMPTION, REQUIREMENTS, AND BIOAVAILABILITY 7 Requirements for What Endpoint? ................................................. 97 Robert P. Heaney and Connie M. Weaver 8 Dietary Calcium: Recommendations and Intakes Around the World................................................................................... 105 Anne C. Looker 9 Food Sources, Supplements, and Bioavailability ........................ 129 Connie M. Weaver and Robert P. Heaney IV CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS 10 The Calcium Economy ................................................................. 145 Robert P. Heaney 11 Molecular Regulation of Calcium Metabolism ........................... 163 James C. Fleet xv 12 Influence of Total Diet on Calcium Homeostasis ....................... 191 Zamzam K. (Fariba) Roughead 13 Influence of Lifestyle Choices on Calcium Homeostasis: Smoking, Alcohol, and Hormone Therapies ............................ 209 D. Lee Alekel, and Oksana Matvienko 14 Influence of Physical Activity on Calcium and Bone ................. 227 Matthew Vukovich and Bonny Specker 15 The Case for a Calcium Appetite in Humans .............................. 247 Michael G. Tordoff V CALCIUM THROUGH DEVELOPMENT 16 Infancy and Childhood ................................................................. 269 Steven A. Abrams and Keli M. Hawthorne 17 Pre-Puberty and Adolescence....................................................... 281 Connie M. Weaver 18 Calcium in Pregnancy and Lactation ........................................... 297 Heidi J. Kalkwarf VI CALCIUM AND DISEASE 19 Calcium in Systemic Human Health ............................................ 313 Robert P. Heaney 20 Calcium and Oral Health .............................................................. 319 Elizabeth A. Krall 21 Dietary Calcium and Obesity ....................................................... 327 Dorothy Teegarden 22 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Reproduction ........................... 341 Susan Thys-Jacobs 23 Premenstrual Syndrome ............................................................... 357 Susan Thys-Jacobs 24 Calcium Throughout the Life Cycle: The Later Years ................ 371 Bess Dawson-Hughes 25 Calcium, Vitamin D, and Cancer ................................................. 387 Peter R. Holt 26 Dietary Calcium and the Metabolic Syndrome ........................... 401 Dorothy Teegarden 27 Calcium and Phosphate Control in Patients With Renal Disease .................................................................. 411 David A. McCarron and Robert P. Heaney 28 Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease .................................. 421 David A. McCarron Appendices ................................................................................................................. 433 Index ........................................................................................................................... 443 xvi Contents STEVEN A. ABRAMS, MD • Pediatrics/Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX D. LEE ALEKEL, PhD, RD • Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA EMMANUEL M. AWUMEY, PhD • Cardiovascular Disease Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC CAROL BOUSHEY, PhD, MPH, RD • Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN RICHARD D. BUKOSKI, PhD • (deceased) Cardiovascular Disease Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC BESS DAWSON-HUGHES, MD • USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA JAMES C. FLEET, PhD • Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN KELI M. HAWTHORNE, RD • Pediatrics/Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX ROBERT P. HEANEY, MD • John A. Creighton University Professor, Creighton University, Omaha, NE PETER R. HOLT, MD • Strang Cancer Research Laboratory, Rockefeller University, Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), Columbia University, New York, NY HEIDI J. KALKWARF, PhD • General & Community Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH ELIZABETH A. KRALL, PhD, MPH • Health Policy & Health Services Research, Boston University, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA ANNE C. LOOKER, PhD • Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD DAVID S. LUDWIG, PhD • Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA OKSANA MATVIENKO, PhD • Physical Education, Leisure Services, School of Health, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA DAVID A. MCCARRON, MD • Academic Network, Portland, Oregon; Department of Nutrition, University California at Davis, Davis, CA LAWRENCE G. RAISZ, MD • Center for Osteoporosis, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT ZAMZAM K. (FARIBA) ROUGHEAD, PhD, RD • Novartis Medical Nutrition, St. Louis Park, MN Contributors xvii BONNY L. SPECKER, PhD • E.A. Martin Program in Human Nutrition, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD DOROTHY TEEGARDEN, PhD • Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN MICHAEL G. TORDOFF, PhD • Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA SUSAN THYS-JACOBS, MD • Department of Medicine, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia University, New York, NY MATTHEW VUKOVICH, PhD • Exercise Physiology Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD MERYL E. WASTNEY, PhD • Metabolic Modeling Service, Dalesford, Hamilton, New Zealand CONNIE M. WEAVER, PhD • Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN YONGDONG ZHAO, MD • Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN