Biotechnology for waste and wastewater treatment

Preface ..................................... iii About the Author ................................ Y CHAPTER 1 . BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES ........... 1 Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 BOD Removal ..................... 5 Types of Biological Processes . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Municipal Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Activated Sludge Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sludge ...................... 10 Tapered Aeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Step Feed Aeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Contact Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Complete Mix .................... 13 Extended Aeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Oxidation Ditch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Anaerobic Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 SLUDGES ....................... 18 Desulfurization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Nitrification/Denitrification . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Nitrification ...................... 27 Suspended Growth Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Attached Growth Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Aquatics ....................... 35 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Conventional (Plug Flow) Activated MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANT ix x Contents CHAPTER 2 . BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTES ............. 37 INTRODUCTION .................... 38 ABIOTIC TREATMENT TECHNIQUES . . . . . 42 Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Liquids-Solids Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Chemical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Physical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Incineration ..................... 46 Wet Air Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Solidification Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS . . . . . . 49 Land Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Composting ...................... 51 Liquids/Solids Treatment Systems (LSTS) . . 52 Soil Biofilters .................... 54 Wastewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Activated Sludge Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Trickling Over Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Stabilization ..................... 57 DEGRADABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Basis for Biodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Genetics ........................ 59 Testing for Recalcitrance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Aerobic Tiered Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Anaerobic Tiered Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Testing for Recalcitrance ............. 63 PILOT STUDIES .................... 66 PCB Biodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Methyl Ethyl Ketone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Landfill Leachate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 DEGRADATION .................... 71 TCE Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Degradation .................... 73 DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY STUDIES OF AEROBIC Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Ring Fission Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Phenanthrene Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Contents xi Chlorophenol Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Chlorinated Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 p-Nitrophenol Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Degradation of Fluoro Substituted Benzenes ...................... 81 Pentachlorophenol Degradation . . . . . . . . . 81 Oil Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 HexachlorocyclohexaneDegradation . . . . . . 83 Metolachlor Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Polyphosphate Degrading Enzymes . . . . . . . 88 Aniline Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Disulfide Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Activated Sludge Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Two Stage BiologicalKhemical Treatment of Leachate .................... 89 ANAEROBIC BACTERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Metabolism ...................... 90 Anaerobic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Perchloroethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Coal Gasification Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . 94 Tannery Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1.1. 1.Trichloroethane Degradation In-Situ . . 95 Patent for Haloaromatic Compounds . . . . . . 96 2. 4.Dichlorophenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 FUNGI ........................... 97 Dioxin .......................... 97 PAH Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Selenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Immobilization of Phenolics . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Metalaxyl Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 CONCLUSIONS .................... 100 REFERENCES ..................... 101 CHAPTER 3 . BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES: MUTANT BACTERIA ..................... 111 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT . OVERVIEW ..................... 111 MICROBIOLOGY BACKGROUND . . . . . . . 112 xii Contents Energy and Carbon Sources . . . . . . . . . . 112 Type of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 BACTERIAL GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Factors Affecting Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Temperature .................... 116 pH .......................... 116 Oxygen ....................... 117 Nutrients ...................... 117 KINETICS OF GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Growth Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Cultures ....................... 118 Substrate Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Continuous Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 PROCESSES ..................... 122 Aerated Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Activated Sludge (Suspended Growth) . . . . 127 Aerated Lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Waste Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Trickling Filter (Attached Growth) . . . . . . 132 Rotating Biological Contactors (RBC) . . . . 133 Packed Beds .................... 133 Landfarming .................... 134 Anaerobic Digestion (Treatment) . . . . . . . 135 MUTANT BACTERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Case Histories .................... 138 Dissenting Opinions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 REFERENCES ..................... 145 INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT CHAPTER 4 . NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION IN THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS ...................... 151 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 FORMS OF NITROGEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 NITRIFYING BACTERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 NITRIFICATION STOICHIOMETRY . . . . . . 155 NITRIFICATION PROCESS VARIABLES AND KINETICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Ammonium Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Contents xiii Nitrite Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Solids Retention Time (SRT) . . . . . . . . . 158 Effect of Temperature on Kinetics . . . . . . 159 Effect of pH on Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Effect of DO on Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Effect of Organic Loading on Kinetics . . . . 161 Inhibition of Nitrification . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 DENITRIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 DENITRIFYING BACTERIA . . . . . . . . . . . 164 DENITRIFICATION STOICHIOMETRY . . . . 165 DENITRIFICATION PROCESS VARIABLES AND KINETICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Effect of NO,. N Concentration on Effect of Temperature on Kinetics . . . . . . 166 Effect of pH on Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Effect of Carbon Concentration on Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 NITRIFICATION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . 167 Plug-Flow Versus Complete Mix . . . . . . . 167 Single-Stage Versus Two-Stage Systems . . . 168 DENITRIFICATION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . 170 Denitrification Using Methanol as the Carbon Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Denitrification Using Organic Matter Present in Raw Wastewater . . . . . . . . . 174 Denitrification Using Thiosulfate and Sulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . 177 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 CHAPTER 5 . IN-SITU BIORECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER ... 189 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 TREATING CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 APPLICATION OF MODELING . . . . . . . . . 196 SOC and NO.. Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 One-BAZ Columr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 xiv Contents TWO-BAZ Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Secondary Substrate Profiles . . . . . . . . . . 204 Carbon Tetrachloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Bromoform. Ethylene Dibromide. Tetrachloroethene. and Trichloroethene . . 209 Simulation of Bioreclamation Strategies . . . 210 CONCLUSIONS .................... 216 REFERENCES ...................... 221 Index ..................................... 225