Critical care of children with heart disease : basic medical and surgical concepts

Part I General Aspects 1 Transition from the Fetal to the Neonatal Circulation .......................... 3 Daniel Sidi and Eduardo M. da Cruz 2 Triage and Transport of Infants and Children with Cardiac Disease................................................................................. 13 Bradley A. Kuch and Richard A. Orr 3 Airway Control, Mechanical Ventilation, and Respiratory Care......... 23 Shekhar T. Venkataraman 4 Heart–Lung Interactions.......................................................................... 33 Shekhar T. Venkataraman 5 Cardiac Catheterization ........................................................................... 37 Jacqueline Kreutzer 6 Echocardiography..................................................................................... 57 Cécile Tissot, Adel K. Younoszai, and Christina Phelps 7 Cardiac Anesthesia.................................................................................... 77 Edmund H. Jooste 8 A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Review.............................. 83 Carol G. Vetterly and Denise L. Howrie 9 Sedation and Analgesia............................................................................. 89 Edmund H. Jooste, Steven E. Litchenstein, and Peter J. Davis 10 Monitoring of the Cardiac Patient .......................................................... 97 Evelyn Lechner 11 The Effects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery...................................................... 103 Ana Maria Manrique, Kent Kelly, and Steven E. Litchenstein Contents xviii Contents 12 Nursing Care of the Pediatric Cardiac Patient ...................................... 121 Erin L. Colvin, Dana Shiderly, Tamara Maihle, and Dana Casciato 13 Cardiac Database and Risk Factor Assessment. Outcomes Analysis for Congenital Cardiac Disease................................................ 127 Jeffrey P. Jacobs Part II Specific Cardiac Lesions 14 Patent Ductus Arteriosus.......................................................................... 145 Deborah Kozik, Dunbar Ivy, Jill Ibrahim, Lisa Wise-Faberowski, Steven Goldberg, Jeffrey Darst, Jonathan Kaufman, Victor O. Morell, and Eduardo M. da Cruz 15 Atrial Septal Defects ................................................................................. 159 Steven P. Goldberg, Deborah Kozik, Lisa B. Willis, and Eduardo M. da Cruz 16 Ventricular Septal Defects........................................................................ 169 Diego Mouguillanski, Traci M. Kazmerski, Ricardo Muñoz, and Victor O. Morell 17 Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defects .............................................. 177 Jonathan Kaufman, Steven Goldberg, Jill Ibrahim, Dunbar Ivy, Lisa Wise-Faberowski, Shannon Buckvold, Cécile Tissot, Christina Phelps, Victor O. Morell, and Eduardo M. da Cruz 18 Aortopulmonary Window ........................................................................ 191 Diego Mouguillansky, Ricardo Muñoz, and Victor O. Morell 19 Tetralogy of Fallot..................................................................................... 199 Constantinos Chrysostomou, Yuliya A. Domnina, Traci M. Kazmerski, Ricardo Muñoz, and Victor O. Morell 20 Tetralogy of Fallot with Absent Pulmonary Valve ................................. 207 Constantinos Chrysostomou, Michael Tsifansky, and Victor O. Morell 21 Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia ........................................... 213 Constantinos Chrysostomou, Yuliya A. Domnina, Traci M. Kazmerski, Ricardo Muñoz, and Victor O. Morell 22 Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Interventricular Septum...................... 221 Constantinos Chrysostomou, Jacqueline Kreutzer, and Victor O. Morell 23 Pulmonary Stenosis................................................................................... 231 Yuliya A. Domnina, Ricardo Muñoz, Jackie Kreutzer, and Victor O. Morell Contents xix 24 Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction .......................................... 241 Michael Tsifansky, Ricardo Muñoz, and Victor O. Morell 25 Coarctation of the Aorta........................................................................... 257 Michael Tsifansky, Ricardo Muñoz, Jacqueline Kreutzer, and Victor O. Morell 26 Interrupted Aortic Arch ........................................................................... 267 Ricardo Muñoz, Michael Tsifansky, and Victor O. Morell 27 Mitral Valve Anomalies and Related Disorders ..................................... 273 Cécile Tissot, Eduardo M. da Cruz, Afksendyios Kalangos, and Shannon Buckvold 28 Mitral Stenosis........................................................................................... 301 Kristin P. Barton, Jacqueline Kreutzer, Victor O. Morell, and Ricardo Muñoz 29 Prosthetic Valves ....................................................................................... 313 Peter D. Wearden 30 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome........................................................... 323 Yuliya A. Domnina, Ricardo Muñoz, Traci M. Kazmerski, Jackie Kreutzer, and Victor O. Morell 31 Single Ventricle. General Aspects ............................................................ 331 Eduardo M. da Cruz, Steven Goldberg, Jonathan Kaufman, Alison Artico, Sara Mackie, Jessica Church, Amy Stimmler, Jody Rutz, Deborah Kozik, Dunbar Ivy, François Lacour-Gayet, and Pascal Vouhé 32 Anomalous Pulmonary Veins ................................................................... 349 Michael Tsifansky, Ricardo Muñoz, Traci M. Kazmerski, Jackie Kreutzer, and Victor O. Morell 33 Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries............................................ 359 Rukmini Komarlu, Victor O. Morell, Jackie Kreutzer, and Ricardo Muñoz 34 Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries (ccTGA) or Levo-Transposition of the Great Arteries (l-TGA)........................................................................................ 375 Rukmini Komarlu, Victor O. Morell, Michael Tsifansky, and Ricardo Muñoz 35 Truncus Arteriosus.................................................................................... 383 Eduardo M. da Cruz, Steven Goldberg, Victor O. Morell, Bertrand Léobon, Mohammed Ly, Chokri Kortas, and Alain Serraf xx Contents 36 Double Outlet Right Ventricle.................................................................. 399 Eduardo M. da Cruz, Jonathan Kaufman, Steven Goldberg, Jeffrey Darst, Deborah Kozik, David Campbell, Max Mitchell, and François Lacour-Gayet 37 Ebstein’s Disease ....................................................................................... 411 Eduardo M. da Cruz, Jonathan Kaufman, Victor O. Morell, Cécile Tissot, Shannon Buckvold, Steven Goldberg, Dunbar Ivy, Jill Ibrahim, Lisa Wise-Faberowski, and Afksendyios Kalangos 38 Anomalous Coronary Arteries................................................................. 423 Eduardo M. da Cruz, Jonathan Kaufman, Steven Goldberg, Thomas Fagan, Christina Phelps, Cécile Tissot, Deborah Kozik, Max Mitchell, David Campbell, and Victor O. Morell 39 Aortic Valve Regurgitation....................................................................... 435 Michael Tsifansky, Victor O. Morell, and Ricardo Muñoz 40 Vascular Rings and Pulmonary Sling...................................................... 439 Yuliya A. Domina, Sang Park, and Victor O. Morell 41 Takayasu Arteritis..................................................................................... 445 Yuliya A. Domnina and Ricardo Muñoz 42 Aortic Dissection ....................................................................................... 449 Yuliya A. Domnina and Victor O. Morell 43 Tracheal Reconstruction........................................................................... 455 Nick Pigott and Martin Elliott Part III Other Topics 44 Acute Pulmonary Hypertension .............................................................. 469 Maurice Beghetti and Eduardo M. da Cruz 45 Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension .......................................................... 483 Dunbar Ivy and Asrar Rashid 46 Acute Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathies............................................. 507 Brian Feingold and Steven A. Webber 47 Pericardial Diseases .................................................................................. 521 Cécile Tissot, Christina M. Phelps, Eduardo M. da Cruz, and Shelley D. Miyamoto 48 Infective Endocarditis............................................................................... 543 Nilanjana Misra and Eric S. Quivers Contents xxi 49 Cardiac Failure ......................................................................................... 557 Cécile Tissot, Eduardo M. da Cruz, and Shelley Miyamoto 50 Shock in the Cardiac Patient: A Brief Overview.................................... 573 Eduardo M. da Cruz and Jonathan Kaufman 51 Mechanical Circulatory Support in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery .......... 587 Peter D. Wearden, Ana Maria Manrique, and Kent Kelly 52 Heart Transplantation .............................................................................. 603 Steven A. Webber and Victor O. Morell 53 Arrhythmias in the Intensive Care Unit ................................................. 619 Lee Beerman, Gaurav Arora, and Sang C Park 54 Pacemakers (Temporary and Permanent), Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy..................................................................... 637 Gaurav Arora and Lee Beerman 55 Discontinuation of Life: Ethical and Legal Issues ................................. 645 Denis Devictor and Pierre Tissières Part IV The Challenge of Extra-Cardiac Complications 56 Respiratory Complications: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Chylothorax, Diaphragmatic Palsy, and Functional and Respiratory Physiotherapy .................................... 653 Jennifer Exo and Ricardo Muñoz 57 Gastrointestinal Complications: Necrotizing Enterocolitis, Malrotation, and Protein Losing Enteropathy....................................... 661 Joanne K. Snyder, Katherine Barsness, and Ricardo Muñoz 58 Malnutrition and Feeding Difficulties: Guidelines for Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition ...................................................... 671 Michael K. Shoykhet, Kristyn S. Lowery, and Carol G. Vetterly 59 Hematological Aspects: Anticoagulation, Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, Plasma Exchange.................................................... 679 Peter H. Shaw 60 Renal Failure and Replacement Therapy............................................... 687 Richard A. Orr, Rhonda Gengler, and Michael Moritz 61 Neurogical Complications: Intracranial Bleeding, Stroke and Seizures................................................................................... 705 Robyn A. Filipink and Michael J. Painter xxii Contents 62 Infections in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit........................................ 715 Glenda V. Wright and Marian G. Michaels 63 Skin Protection .......................................................................................... 723 Rose Marie Faber and Erin L. Colvin