Esophageal cancer : principles and practice

Contents Foreword xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Contributors xxiii I BIOLOGY 1. Esophageal Embryology and Congenital Disorders 3 Alexandru Gaman and Braden Kuo 2. Esophageal Anatomy 11 Braden Kuo and Alexandru Gaman 3. The Biology of Epithelial Esophageal Cancer 27 Eric S. Weiss, Avedis Meneshian, and Malcolm V. Brock 4. The Biology of Mesenchymal Esophageal Tumors 39 Billy R. Ballard 5. Barrett’s Esophagus: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis 47 Daniel S. Oh and Tom Ryan DeMeester 6. Barrett’s Esophagus: Molecular Biology 53 Patrick I. McConnell and Blair A. Jobe 7. Barrett’s Esophagus: Preclinical Models for Investigation 61 Xiaoxin Chen and Chung S. Yang 8. Barrett’s Esophagus: Screening and Surveillance 69 Richard Sampliner viii CONTENTS 9. Barrett’s Esophagus: Models for Cost-Effective Screening and Surveillance 73 Jonathan Hata and Aurora Pryor 10. Barrett’s Esophagus: Chemoprevention 81 George Triadafi lopoulos 11. Epidemiology of Esophageal Cancer: Molecular 93 David W. Cescon, Jessica Patricia Hopkins, Penelope A. Bradbury, Darren Tse, and Geoffrey Liu 12. Epidemiology and Risk of Esophageal Cancer: Clinical 103 Linda Morris Brown and Susan S. Devesa 13. Pathology of Barrett’s Esophagus and Esophageal Neoplasms 115 Gregorio Chejfec, Elizabeth Louise Wiley, and Stephen Sontag 14. The Link Between Esophageal Cancer and Morbid Obesity 121 Robert W. O’Rourke 15. The Relationship Between Helicobacter Pylori and Barrett’s Esophagus 131 Attila Dubecz and Jeffrey H. Peters 16. Ethnic Disparities in Cancer of the Esophagus 137 Allan Pickens II IMAGING AND STAGING 17. State of the Art in Esophageal Imaging: Endoscopic Technology and Evaluation of Esophageal Mucosa 145 Michael J. Pollack, Amitabh Chak, and Ananya Das 18. Esophageal Imaging: Anatomic 153 Gregory G. Ginsberg 19. Esophageal Imaging: Functional—PET 167 Timothy D. Wagner, Milind Javle, and Gary Y. Yang 20. Esophageal Imaging: Functional—MRI 179 Eugene Y. Chang and Blair A. Jobe 21. Esophageal Cancer Staging—Clinical 185 Yasser M. Bhat and Michael L. Kochman 22. Esophageal Cancer Staging—EMR 191 Steven R. DeMeester 23. Esophageal Cancer Staging—Surgical 195 Lei Yu and Mark J. Krasna 24. Restaging after Neoadjuvant Therapy 201 Robert J. Cerfolio and Ayesha Bryant CONTENTS ix 25. Revisions in the Staging System for Esophageal Cancer 209 Jeffrey A. Hagen III PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY 26. Rationale for Tailored Treatment 219 Georg Lurje and Heinz-Josef Lenz 27. Principles of Multimodality Therapy 229 Daniel V. T. Catenacci, Ezra Cohen, and Victoria M. Villafl or 28. Principles of Chemotherapy 243 Syma Iqbal and Lawrence Leichman 29. Principles of Systemic Therapy: Targeted Therapy 255 Geoffrey Y. Ku and David H. Ilson 30. Principles of Radiation Therapy 269 Melenda Jeter 31. Principles of Surgical Therapy 277 Wayne L. Hofstetter 32. The Relationship Between Volume and Outcome in the Treatment of Esophageal Cancer 283 Ioannis Rouvelas and Jesper Lagergren IV TUMOR TYPES 33. Benign: Lipoma 293 Shigeru Tsunoda and Glyn Jamieson 34. Benign: Fibrovascular Polyp 297 Shigeru Tsunoda and Glyn Jamieson 35. Benign: Fibrolipoma 301 Shigeru Tsunoda and Glyn Jamieson 36. Benign: Hemangioma 303 Elizabeth Louise Wiley and Gregorio Chejfec 37. Benign: Granular Cell Tumors 307 Elizabeth Louise Wiley and Gregorio Chejfec 38. Benign: Neurofi broma 311 Elizabeth Louise Wiley and Gregorio Chejfec 39. Benign: Leiomyoma 315 Kemp H. Kernstine and Lawrence M. Weiss x CONTENTS 40. Benign: Hamartoma 321 Kemp H. Kernstine and Lawrence M. Weiss 41. Benign: Congenital—Duplication Cysts 323 Piero Marco Fisichella and Marco G. Patti 42. Benign: Congenital—Bronchogenic Cysts 327 Piero Marco Fisichella and Marco G. Patti 43. Malignant: Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Variants 331 Kenneth M. Gatter and Dustin V. Shackleton 44. Malignant: Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Variants 337 Laura H. Tang 45. Malignant: Esophageal Adenocarcinoma of the Cardia and Proximal Stomach 345 John S. Macdonald and Lawrence Leichman 46. Malignant: Mesenchymal Tumors 347 Cameron D. Wright 47. Malignant: Lymphoma 351 Abraham J. Wu and Karyn A. Goodman 48. Malignant: Metastatic 355 Sai Yendamuri, Jeffrey H. Lee, and David C. Rice V THERAPY 49. Multidisciplinary Care Team: Structure and Format 363 Kyle A. Perry and Blair A. Jobe 50. Informed Consent in the Esophageal Cancer Patient 369 Scott R. Sommers and Paul R. Helft 51. Review and Synthesis of Clinical Trials in Esophageal Cancer 379 Geoffrey Y. Ku and David H. Ilson 52. Pretreatment Planning in Radiation Therapy of the Esophagus 391 Theodore Sunki Hong and Lisa A. Kachnic 53. Adjuvant (Postoperative) Therapy 401 Parag Sanghvi, Mehee Choi, John Holland, and Charles R. Thomas, Jr . 54. Neoadjuvant Therapy 407 Daniel J. Boffa and Frank C. Detterbeck 55. Defi nitive Radiochemotherapy 423 Ashish Patel and Mohan Suntharalingam 56. Endoscopic Therapies for Barrett’s Esophagus 433 Joep J. Gondrie, F. P. Peters, R. E. Pouw, and Jacques J.G.H.M. Bergman CONTENTS xi 57. Endoscopic Therapy for Superfi cial Cancer 451 Sarah A. Rodriguez 58. Therapy for Advanced Locoregional Cancer 463 Subroto Paul and Nasser K. Altorki 59. Treatment Options for Locally Recurrent Esophageal Cancer 473 Wilson B. Tsai, Arman Kilica, Matthew J. Schuchert, James D. Luketich, and Sebastien Gilbert 60. Preoperative Immunonutrition 481 Malissa Warren, Robert G. Martindale, and Natalia Bailey 61. Surgery Techniques: Management of Benign Esophageal Tumors 491 Sajida Ahad, Roger P. Tatum, and Carlos A. Pellegrini 62. Surgery Techniques: Patient Preparation and Surgical Approach in Cancer Treatment 499 Thomas J. Watson and Victor Maevsky 63. Surgery Techniques: Anesthesia in the Esophageal Cancer Patient 511 Norman A. Cohen and Jeffrey R. Kirsch 64. Surgery Techniques: Anastomotic Technique and Selection of Location 525 Simon Law 65. Surgery Techniques: Conduit Preparation and Route of Reconstruction 535 Arnulf H. Hölscher 66. Surgery Techniques: Vagal-Sparing Esophagectomy 549 Steven R. DeMeester 67. Surgery Techniques: Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy 553 Harmik Soukiasian, Blair A. Jobe, and James D. Luketich 68. Surgery Techniques: Ivor-Lewis Esophagectomy 561 Xavier Benoit D’Journo, Pascal Ferraro, Jocelyne Martin, and André Duranceau 69. Surgery Techniques: Transhiatal Esophagectomy without Thoracotomy 575 Paula Ugalde, Rodney J. Landreneau, and Arjun Pennathur 70. Surgery Techniques: Three-Field Esophagectomy 583 Inderpal S. Sarkaria, Nabil P. Rizk, and Valerie W. Rusch 71. Surgery Techniques: En Bloc Esophagectomy 591 Paul C. Lee and Nasser K. Altorki 72. Surgery Techniques: Left Transthoracic and Thoracoabdominal Esophagectomy 599 Donald Edward Low and Matthew James Deeter 73. Surgery Techniques: Resection of Cancer Involving the Cervicothoracic Esophagus 617 Thomas K. Varghese, Jr. and Douglas E. Wood xii CONTENTS 74. Surgery Techniques: Transhiatally Extended Total Gastrectomy 625 Hubert J. Stein 75. Surgery Techniques: Salvage Esophagectomy 633 Donn Spight 76. Surgery Techniques: Postoperative Care 639 Brant K. Oelschlager and Martin I. Montenovo 77. Managing the Complications of Multimodality Therapy 649 Robert C. Miller, Andrew Y. Kee, David A. Schomas, Matthew J. Iott, Sumita Bhatia, and Aminah Jatoi 78. Postoperative Care and Management of the Complications of Surgical Therapy 659 Kai Engstad and Paul Henry Schipper 79. Quality of Life after Esophagectomy 669 Jonathan Ford Finks 80. Proper Follow-up after Defi nitive Therapy 681 Marek Polomsky and Jeffrey H. Peters VI PALLIATION 81. Guidelines for Palliative Care: Hospital and Hospice 693 Rachelle E. Bernacki and Steven Z. Pantilat 82. Care of the Psychosocial Needs of the Patient and Family 699 Mindy Hartgers, Jessica Mitchell, and Aminah Jatoi 83. Objective Scoring Systems in the Palliative Setting 707 Marvin Omar Delgado-Guay and Sriram Yennurajalingam 84. Guidelines for Pain Control in the Esophageal Cancer Patient 715 Kimberly Marie Kaplan 85. Endoscopic Palliation of Dysphagia: Photodynamic Therapy 721 Paula Ugalde and James D. Luketich 86. Endoscopic Palliation of Dysphagia: Stenting 725 Todd Huntley Baron 87. Endoscopic Palliation of Dysphagia: Laser 737 Jon P. Walker, Robert H. Hawes, and Brenda J. Hoffman 88. Endoscopic Palliation of Dysphagia: Brachytherapy 747 Atif J. Khan and Phillip M. Devlin 89. Surgical Palliation: Current Role 753 Michael Ujiki and Christy M. Dunst CONTENTS xiii 90. Perforated Esophageal Cancer 757 Lyall A. Gorenstein and Joshua R. Sonett 91. Radiation 763 Arta Monir Monjazeb and A. William Blackstock VII FUTURE DIRECTIONS 92. Molecular Outcome Prediction 771 Harry Yoon and Michael K. Gibson Index 783