Evolutionary Methods in Biotechnology : Clever Tricks for Directed Evolution.

Evolutionary Methods in Biotechnology : Clever Tricks for Directed Evolution.

  • نوع فایل : کتاب
  • زبان : انگلیسی
  • مؤلف : Susanne Brakmann; Andreas Schwienhorst
  • ناشر : Weinheim : Wiley-VCH
  • چاپ و سال / کشور: 2004
  • شابک / ISBN : 9783527604623

Description

1 Introduction Susanne Brakmann and Andreas Schwienhorst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Generation of Mutant Libraries Using Random Mutagenesis Susanne Brakmann and Björn F. Lindemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.1 Materials for Random PCR Mutagenesis . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.2 Materials for Mutator Strain Passage . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3.1 Protocol for Random PCR Mutagenesis According to Joyce 7 2.3.2 Protocol for Mutator Strain Passage . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3 DNA Shuffling Hikaru Suenaga, Masatoshi Goto, and Kensuke Furukawa . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2.1 For Preparation of Parental Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2.2 For Random Fragmentation by DNase I . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2.3 For Collection of DNA Fragments in Specific Molecular Size Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2.4 For Reassembly of These Fragments by Primerless PCR . 16 3.2.5 For Amplification of Reassembled Products by Conventional PCR with Primers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.3 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.3.1 Preparation of Parental Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.3.2 Random Fragmentation by DNase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.3.3 Collection of DNA Fragments in Specific Molecular Size Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.3.4 Reassembly of These Fragments by Primerless PCR . . . 19 3.3.5 Amplification of Reassembled Products by Conventional PCR with Primers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 VI Contents 3.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4.1 Insufficient DNase I Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4.2 Little or No Product of Primerless PCR . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4.3 Little or No Product of PCR with Primers . . . . . . . . . 21 3.4.4 The Product of PCR with Primers is Multi-banded . . . . 22 3.5 Amplification Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4 DNA Recombination Using StEP Milena Ninkovic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.2.1 StEP PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.2.2 Purification of an Appropriate DNA Fragment . . . . . . 27 4.2.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.3 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.4 Technical Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.4.1 Problem: Little or No PCR Product (Full-length Product) after PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.4.2 Problem: High Background Levels of DNA after PCR . . 28 4.5 StEP in Directed Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5 FACS Screening of Combinatorial Peptide and Protein Libraries Displayed on the Surface of Escherichia coli Cells Thorsten M. Adams, Hans-Ulrich Schmoldt, and Harald Kolmar . . . . . . . 31 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.2.1 Escherichia coli Strains and Plasmids . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.2.2 Liquid Media and Agar Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.2.3 Biological and Chemical Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.2.4 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.3 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.3.1 Verification of Cell Surface Exposure of the Passenger Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.3.2 Labeling of the Target Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.3.3 Library Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.3.4 Combinatorial Library Screening by FACS and MACS . . 40 5.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.5 Major Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 6 Selection of Phage-displayed Enzymes Patrice Soumillion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Contents VII 6.2.1 Buffers, Reagents and Consumables . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.2.2 Strains and Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.3 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.3.1 The Phage-enzyme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.3.2 Library Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.3.3 Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 6.4.1 Phage Titers Are Not Reproducible . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 6.4.2 Phage-enzymes Degrade with Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6.4.3 Phages Are Not Genetically Stable . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 6.4.4 The ‘out/in’ Ratio Does Not Increase with Selection Rounds 63 6.5 Major Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 7 Selection of Aptamers Heiko Fickert, Heike Betat, and Ulrich Hahn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 7.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 7.2.1 Immobilization of Target Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 7.2.2 PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7.2.3 In vitro Transcription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7.2.4 RNA Purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7.2.5 Selection of Aptamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7.2.6 Reverse Transcription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 7.3 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 7.3.1 Selection of RNA Aptamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 7.3.2 Selection of 2-Modified RNA Aptamers . . . . . . . . . . 75 7.3.3 Selection of ssDNA Aptamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 7.3.4 Cloning and Sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 7.3.5 Characterization of Aptamers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 7.3.6 Example: Isolation of Moenomycin A-specific Aptamers 79 7.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 7.5 Major Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 8 Methods for Selecting Catalytic Nucleic Acids Benjamin L. Holley, and Bruce E. Eaton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 8.2 Materials and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 8.3 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 8.3.1 Generating the Starting Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 8.3.2 Transcription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 8.3.3 Ligation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 8.3.4 Nucleic Acid-catalyzed Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 8.3.5 Reverse Transcription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 VIII Contents 8.3.6 Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 8.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 8.5 Major Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 9 High-throughput Screening of Enantioselective Industrial Biocatalysts Manfred T. Reetz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 9.2 Materials and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 9.2.1 Assays Based on Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 9.2.2 Assays Based on NMR Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 9.2.3 Assay Based on FTIR Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 9.2.4 Assays Based on UV/Visible Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . 116 9.2.5 Enzyme-coupled UV/Visible-based Assay for Hydrolases 117 9.3 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 9.3.1 Assays Based on Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 9.3.2 Assays Based on NMR Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 9.3.3 Assay Based on FTIR Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 9.3.4 Assays Based on UV/Visible Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . 129 9.3.5 Enzyme-coupled UV/Visible-based Assay for Hydrolases 132 9.3.6 Further Assays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 9.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 9.4.1 Comments on the Kazlauskas Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 9.4.2 Potential Problems when Performing Kinetic Resolution . 138 9.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 10 Computer-assisted Design of Doped Libraries Dirk Tomandl and Andreas Schwienhorst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 10.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 10.3 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 10.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 10.5 Major Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 11 Directed in silico Mutagenesis Markus Wiederstein, Peter Lackner, Ferry Kienberger, Manfred J. Sippl . . . 153 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 11.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 11.2.1 PDB Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 11.2.2 Knowledge-based Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 11.2.3 Polyprotein, Z-scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 11.2.4 In silico Mutagenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 11.2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Contents IX 11.3 Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 11.3.1 ProSa Setup and Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 11.3.2 ProSa Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 11.3.3 Session 1 (mut script1.cmd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 11.3.4 Session 2 (mut script2.cmd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 11.3.5 Session 3 (mut script3.cmd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 11.3.6 Session 4 (mut script4.cmd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 11.3.7 Tips & Tricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 11.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 11.5 Major Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 12 RNA Folding in silico Christoph Flamm, Ivo L. Hofacker, Peter F. Stadler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 12.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 12.2.1 Typographical Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 12.2.2 RNA Web Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 12.3 Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 12.3.1 Secondary Structures for Individual Sequences . . . . . . 181 12.3.2 Consensus Structures of a Sample of Sequences . . . . . . 183 12.3.3 Sequence Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 12.3.4 Analysis of SELEX Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 12.3.5 A Note for the Experts: Write your Own RNA Programs . 187 12.4 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 12.5 Caveats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 13 Patenting in Evolutionary Biotechnology Martina Leimkühler and Hans-Wilhelm Meyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 13.2 The Nature of Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 13.3 What Can Be Patented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 13.4 The Requirement of Novelty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 13.5 The Requirement of Inventiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 13.6 The Requirement of Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 13.7 The Requirements of Enablement and Written Description . . . . 197 13.8 Patent Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 13.9 Search Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 13.10 The First-to-invent Principle of the United States and Its Consequences on Laboratory Notebook Keeping . . . . . 206 13.11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Miniturization and high throughput assay technology have brought the power of molecular evolution to the bioscience laboratory. Applied wisely, the evolutionary approach can quickly yield the desired result even where other methods have failed. From library generation by random or directed mutagenesis to screening and selection techniques--the crucial steps for successful evolutionary biotechnology are described in detail in this practical guide that also includes valuable troubleshooting hints on frequently encountered problems. Modern methods for the surface display of peptides and proteins.
اگر شما نسبت به این اثر یا عنوان محق هستید، لطفا از طریق "بخش تماس با ما" با ما تماس بگیرید و برای اطلاعات بیشتر، صفحه قوانین و مقررات را مطالعه نمایید.

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