Tuberculosis

Contents Historical Background . Tuberculosis in Ancient Egypt SALEH A. BEDEIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Historical Aspects of Tuberculosis M. MONIR MADKOUR, KITAB E. AL-OTAIBI, R. AL SWAILEM 15 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3 Global Epidemiology of Tuberculosis MARCOS A. ESPINAL and MARIO C. RAVIGLIONE 33 4 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia ABDULRAHMAN A.ALRAJHI and ALI M.AL-BARRAK 45 5 The Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis KATHRYN DERIEMER and CHARLES L DALEY 57 6 Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis ROBIN ASKUCE and SYDNEY D NEILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 7 Tuberculosis in Special Groups and Occupational Hazards JAIME ESTEBAN 93 Microbiology, Immunology, Pathogenesis and Pathology 113 8 Microbiology of Tuberculosis A OLU OSOBA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115 9 The Immunology and Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis GRAHAM A. W. ROOK 133 10 Pathology of Tuberculosis MOHAMMED AKHTAR and HADEEL AL MANA 153 11 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria JAE-JOON YIM and STEVEN M. HOLLAND 163 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185 12 Serologic Testing for Tuberculosis CHAKHRADHAR KOTARU and EDWARD D. CHAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 187 XIV Contents 13 PCR and Diagnosis of Tuberculosis DIANA LWILLIAMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 199 14 Hematologic Findings in Mycobacterial Infections Among Immunosuppressed and Immunocompetent Patients GORGON AKPEK 213 15 Immunodiagnostics for Latent Tuberculosis Infection ROHIT K. KATIAL 231 Organ-related Chapters 241 General 16 Childhood Tuberculosis PETER R. DONALD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 243 17 Primary Tuberculosis in Adults M. MONIR MADKOUR 265 18 Miliary/Disseminated Tuberculosis M. MONIR MADKOUR 273 19 Tuberculosis and Pregnancy M. MONIR MADKOUR 301 Thorax 20 Post-primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis M. MONIR MADKOUR, Y. ABUSABAAH, ALI BEN MOUSA, ALI AL MASOUD . . . . . . . .. 313 21 Endobronchial Tuberculosis HEE SOON CHUNG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 329 22 Pleural Tuberculosis M. MONIR MADKOUR, MAJDY IDREEs, M. AL SHAHED 349 23 Radiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis MONA AL SHAHED, MOHAMMED ABD EL BAGI, M. MONIR MADKOUR . . . . . . . . . . .. 359 24 Pulmonary Function Test and Tuberculosis MAJDY M. IDREES, SIRAJ O. WALl, ABDULLA AL-AMOUDI 385 25 Thoracic Surgery for Tuberculosis YUJI SHIRAISHI 395 26 Radionuclides in Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis DAVID HAMILTON and JAWDA AL-NABULSI 411 27 Tuberculosis of the Heart and Pericardium ERNESTO E SALCEDO and AHMAD S OMRAN 431 Contents Immune System xv 28 Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis M. MONIR MADKOUR and RASHID AL KUHAYMI 445 29 Tuberculosis and Co-infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus ALIMUDDIN ZUMLA and JOHN MGRANGE 455 eNS 30 Spinal Tuberculosis M. MONIR MADKOUR, M. WASEF AL SEBAI, KHALAF R. AL MOUTAERY .. . . . . . . . .. 481 31 Surgical Management of Spinal Tuberculosis M. WASEF AL SEBAI, M. MONIR MADKOUR, KAHLAF R. AL MOUTAERY . . . . . . . . . .. 493 32 Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System M. ZUHEIR AL-KAWI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 535 33 Imaging of Brain and Spinal Cord Tuberculosis FRANCIS MCGUINNESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 547 Musculo-Skeletal and Soft Tissue 34 Extraspinal Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis M. MONIR MADKOUR, AIDA J. AL-KUDWAH, MOHAMMED ABD EL BAGI 587 35 Imaging of Musculoskeletal Tuberculosis MOHAMMED ABD EL BAGI, MONA AL SHAHED, M. MONIR MADKOUR . . . . . . . . . . .. 605 36 Tuberculosis of the Skin AIDA J. AL KUDWAH 627 Gastrointestinal 37 Abdominal Tuberculosis MOHAMMAD SULTAN KHUROO and NAIRA SULTAN KHUROO 659 38 Imaging of Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis MONA AL SHAHED and MOHAMMED ABD EL BAGI 679 Genitourinary 39 Genitourinary Tuberculosis M. MONIR MADKOUR 699 Head 40 Ocular Manifestations of Tuberculosis SHWU-JIUAN SHEU 731 41 Otorhinolaryngeal Aspects of Tuberculosis SUJATA MURANJAN 741 XVI Endocrine Contents 42 Endocrine and Metabolic Manifestations of Tuberculosis SOHAIL INAM and MONA AL-SHAHED 751 Vascular 43 Tuberculous Vasculitis and Mycotic Aneurysms M. MONIR MADKOUR 771 Treatment 779 44 Treatment of Tuberculosis DEAN ESCHRAUFNAGEL 781 45 Directly Observed Treatment for Tuberculosis Control ZHANG LI-XING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 801 46 Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis PETER D. O. DAVIES 809 47 Monitoring Treatment Efficiacy P. H. LAGRANGE, N. SIMONNEY, A. O. SOUSA, A. WARGNIER, J. L. HERRMANN 839 Control and Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 853 48 Tuberculosis Control in Developing and Developed Countries KEVIN SCHWARTZMAN .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 855 49 BCG and New Tuberculosis Vaccines ZHOU XING 881 50 Tuberculosis in Animals P. L. NICOLETTI 893 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 903 About the Editor 930