Eutrophication management and ecotoxicology

Table of Contents 1 Eutrophication and the Ecosystem .......................................................1 1.1 Background.......................................................................................1 1.2 Eutrophic and Eutrophicated Waters................................................2 1.3 Trophic Cascades in Freshwaters ....................................................5 1.4 Eutrophicated Waters: Disturbed Trophic Cascades .....................13 2 Daphnid Grazing Ecology.....................................................................21 2.1 Daphnids and Their Ecological Role...............................................21 2.2 Daphnid Grazing Effectiveness – Concept and Measurement ............................................................38 2.3 Modelling Daphnid Grazing Effectiveness......................................49 3 Toxic Reduction of Daphnid Grazing Effectiveness ..........................57 3.1 Daphnid Ecotoxicology...................................................................57 3.2 Observations from Mesocosm Studies ..........................................62 3.3 Daphnid Grazing Effectiveness in Response to Toxicant Exposure ......................................................................72 4 Field Observations of Daphnid Grazing ..............................................81 4.1 Two Different Lakes in Holland.......................................................81 4.2 The Plankton Dynamics in Lake Geestmerambacht ......................82 4.3 The Plankton Dynamics in Lake Amstelmeer .................................89 4.4 What Can Be Learned from These Lakes?.....................................91 5 New Perspectives for Eutrophication Management..........................97 5.1 A New Dimension in Lake Eutrophication Management ................97 5.2 How to Address Ecotoxicology in Eutrophication Management.....................................................102 5.3 Epilogue ........................................................................................108 Acknowledgements ...............................................................................111 References..............................................................................................113