Palladium Emissions in the Environment

1 Sources of Palladium Emissions ................................1 1.1 Automotive Catalysts Bِck Reinhard....................................................................................3 1.2 Release of Particulate and Acid Soluble Palladium from Catalytic Converters into the Environment Moldovan Mariella, Gَmez-Gَmez M. Milagros, and Palacios-Corvillo M. Antonia .........................................................25 1.3 Use and Demand of Palladium for the Industry Bِck Reinhard..................................................................................39 1.4 Regional Distribution of Pd, Pt and Au-Emissions from the Nickel Industry on the Kola Peninsula, NW-Russia, as Seen in Moss and Humus Samples Reimann Clemens and Niskavaara Heikki.......................................53 2 Analytical Methods for Determination of Palladium in Biological and Environmental Materials .....................................................................71 2.1 Analysis of Palladium by High Resolution ICP-MS Hann S, Rudolph E, Koellensperger G, and Reiter C......................73 2.2 Determination of Palladium in Environmental Samples by ICP-MS after Preconcentration / Separation Gَmez-Gَmez M. Milagros and Palacios-Corvillo M. Antonia .......................................................................................83 2.3 Sources of Error and their Elimination for Spectrometric Determination of Palladium in Environmental Samples Godlewska-..y..kiewicz B and Le..niewska B ....................................972.4 Collision Cell ICP-MS as Tool for the Determination of Palladium Moldovan Mariella, Pechéyran Christophe, and Donard Olivier F X .......................................................................111 2.5 Solid Sampling GFAAS and ICPMS for the Determination of Trace Amounts of Palladium Resano Martیn, Vanhaecke Frank, and Moens Luc.......................119 2.6 Preconcentration and Separation Methods for the Determination of Trace Palladium in Environmental Samples Pyrzy..ska Krystyna........................................................................135 2.7 Analytical Problems and Validation of Methods for Determination of Palladium in Environmental Materials Djingova R and Kovacheva P ........................................................145 2.8 ICP-MS and Te Co-Precipitation after Nickel Sulphide Fire-Assay Collection for Pd Determination in Roadside Soils Figueiredo Ana Maria G, Enzweiler Jacinta, Morcelli Claudia P R, and Sarkis Jorge ........................................163 2.9 Determination of Ultra-Trace Levels of Palladium in Environmental Samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Spectrometry Techniques Bencs Lلszlَ, Ravindra Khaiwal, and Van Grieken René .............173 2.10 Determination of Palladium in Road Dust and Sewage Sludge Ashes Boch K and Schuster M .................................................................191 2.11 Speciation of Palladium in Plants: Method Development for Investigating Metabolic Changes Weber Günther ...............................................................................203 2.12 Analytical Procedure for the Quantification of in vitro Induced Pt- and Pd-DNA Adducts in Human Lung Cells Berner Zsolt, Menzel Christoph, Zeller Andreas, Eckhardt Jِrg-Detlef, Stüben Doris, and Hartwig Andrea ...........215 2.13 HPLC, Extraction and Solubilities of Pd (II) - and Rh (III)-Dialkyldithiocarbamates and Other Chelate Chemistry Wilnewski S, Beer H, and Wenclawiak B W .................................229 2.14 Analytical Methods to Determine Palladium in Environmental Matrices: A Review Angelone M, Nardi E, Pinto V, and Cremisini C ...........................2453 Occurrence, Chemical Behaviour and Fate of Palladium in the Environment .................................293 3.1 Regional and Global Transport of Platinum Group Elements from Automobile Catalysts Rauch Sebastien, Hemond Harold F., Peucker-Ehrenbrink Bernhard, Barbante Carlo, Owari Masanori, Wass Urban and Morrison Gregory M...............................................................295 3.2 Palladium in Waste Waters and Surface Waters of North Rhine-Westfalia Schwesig D, Rübel A and Furtmann K ..........................................307 3.3 Anthropogenic Emission of Pd and Traffic-Related PGEs – Results Based on Monitoring with Sewage Sludge Stüben Doris and Kupper Thomas.................................................325 3.4 The Importance of Assessing Variability in the Distribution of Anthropogenic Palladium, Platinum and Rhodium in Fluvial Sediments de Vos Eveline, Edwards Stephen J, and McDonald Iain..............343 3.5 Man-Induced Changes of Palladium in Polar and Alpine Snow and Ice Archives Boutron Claude F, Barbante Carlo ...............................................355 3.6 Palladium in a Mountain Ecosystem (Aspe Valley, Pyrenees, France) Moldovan Mariella, Veschambre Sophie, Amouroux David, and Donard Olivier F X.................................................................369 3.7 Short-Term Variation of Palladium in Airborne Particulate Matter Limbeck Andreas............................................................................381 3.8 Palladium in Airborne Particulate Matter: Total Concentrations and Particle Size Distribution Zereini F, Alt F, Messerschmidt J, Wiseman C, von Bohlen A, Liebl K, Müller J, and PüttmannW.......................397 3.9 Source Characterization of Platinum Group Elements Using the Isotopic Composition of Osmium Rauch Sebastien, Peucker-Ehrenbrink Bernhard, and Hemond Harold F 4073.10 Temporal and Spatial Variation of Palladium in the Roadside Environment Parry S J and Jarvis K E................................................................419 3.11 Spatial and Temporal Variation of Anthropogenic Palladium in the Environment Bencs Lلszlَ, Ravindra Khaiwal, and Van Grieken René .............433 3.12 Palladium in Environmental Matrices: A Review Angelone M, Pinto V, Nardi E, and Cremisini C ...........................455 4 Bioavailability and Biomonitoring of Palladium...................................................................487 4.1 Biological Effects of Palladium Sures Bernd, Singer Christoph, and Zimmermann Sonja ..............489 4.2 Uptake of Palladium by the Fauna Zimmermann Sonja and Sures Bernd.............................................501 4.3 Biomonitoring of Palladium in the Environment Using Different Accumulation Indicators Thielen Frankie, Zimmermann Sonja, and Sures Bernd ................513 4.4 Biomonitoring of Pt and Pd with Mosses Ayrault Sophie, Li Chunsheng, and Gaudry André .......................525 4.5 Distribution of Palladium, Platinum and Rhodium in Birds of Prey Ek Kristine H, Rauch Sebastien, Morrison Gregory M, and Lindberg Peter ...............................................................................................537 5 Health Risk Potential of Palladium..........................549 5.1 Contact Dermatitis to Palladium Orion Edith and Wolf Ronni ..........................................................551 5.2 Palladium Occupational Exposure Nygren Olle ....................................................................................557 5.3 Palladium from Catalytic Converters: Exposure Levels and Human Risk Wiseman Clare L S.........................................................................5655.4 Palladium Toxicity in Animals and in in vitro Test Systems – An Overview Melber Christine and Mangelsdorf Inge........................................575 Author Index ......................................................................597