Anthropogenic compounds. Pt. P The handbook of environmental chemistry /Natural production of organohalogen compounds

ACEA ( Association des Constructeurs Européens d’Automobile) 229, 246, 262, 267, 269 Acetylene 21 Acid rain 9 Additives 23, 46, 87, 270, 271, 274, 282 Agriculture 131, 134 Air pollution 9, 30, 110, 176, 182–184, 186, 203 Air pollution control act 183, 186 Air quality 73, 110, 116, 130, 177, 179, 183, 185, 186, 191, 192, 195, 203 Air-fuel mixture 22, 26–28, 30, 35, 39, 51, 74, 257 Air-Fuel Ratio (A/F) 20, 25, 27, 39, 44, 209, 263 Air-Toxic Components 266 Alcoholes 21, 105, 179, 279, 281, 282 Aldehydes 21, 179 Alkaline 45 Alternative fuels 11, 105, 276, 277, 284, 285 Alternative propulsion systems 19, 25, 91, 101, 283, 287 Aluminium (Al) 166, 167, 170 AMA (Automobile Manufacturer Association) 222 Ammonia (NH3) 46, 83 Anthropogenic greenhouse effect 118, 120 Anthropogenic sources 114, 120, 124, 129, 131, 134, 227 Aromatics 21, 23, 211, 261–264, 267, 269, 270, 274 Arrhenius 19 Automobile 6, 7, 9, 10, 284 Auto-Oil Programm 262, 266 B Baiersbronner Programm 203 Barium oxide (BaO) 45 Benzene 113, 266, 267, 269, 270 Bio-fuels 280–283 Biomass 105, 124, 277, 279, 280–282 Boiling curve 257, 258 Butane 277–279 C C/H ratio 23, 270, 279, 287 Cadmium (Cd) 165, 170 CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) 231, 232 California Air Resources Board (CARB) 95, 177, 178, 185, 193, 224, 236, 283 California test 209 Carbon (C) 22, 73, 281 Carbon canister 223 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 9, 13, 20, 38, 40, 41, 71, 81, 105, 113, 115, 116, 118, 121, 146, 151, 220, 227, 229, 233–235, 250, 258, 262, 266, 267, 271, 272, 275, 277, 279, 281–285 Carbon monoxide (CO) 9, 13, 20, 28, 30, 31, 35, 38, 41, 44, 73, 79, 81, 88, 113, 116, 126–128, 140, 141, 146, 147, 179, 184, 186, 187, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198–202, 205, 209, 214, 216, 219, 224, 239, 245, 263, 267, 274, 278, 282 Carburetor 27, 221–223, 268, 269 Catalyst 36, 37, 38, 88, 144, 184, 191, 203–205, 218, 236, 245, 273, 282 Cerium (Ce) 87 Cetan index 260 Cetane number 50, 258, 260, 264, 266, 269, 274, 282, 284, 287 Chamber Diesel engine 52 Charge turbulence 20, 34 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 124 Chromium VI (CrVI) 165, 170 Clean air act 113, 183, 184, 185, 195–197, 262 Clean fuels 179, 185, 270, 275, 287 Climate change 9, 233, 266 Closed crankcase ventilation 202 CO2 equivalent 119 Combustion 18, 20, 22, 27, 33, 50, 51, 74, 75, 91, 93, 94, 260, 275, 282 Combustion chamber 20, 22, 25, 30, 32–34, 37, 43, 50, 52, 54, 74, 75, 89, 93, 94, 260, 270 Combustion engine 22, 30, 268 Combustion products 20, 261, 277, 281 Commercial vehicle 110, 121, 137, 138, 147, 151, 152, 159, 160, 164 Common Rail 57, 59, 63, 65, 77, 80, 87, 88 Compression ratio (CR) 33, 34, 53, 69, 74, 258, 259 Compression stroke 25, 27, 34 Conformity of production (COP) 177, 178, 180 Continuously regenerating trap (CRT) 87, 88 CRC (Coordinating Research Council) 222 CVS (constant volume sampler) 211, 214, 219 Cylinder 20, 21, 30, 31, 33, 36, 51, 52, 79 D DeNOX catalyst 44–46, 82, 272 Deposition 115 Deposits 33, 115, 270, 271 Design parameters 33 Diesel engines 19, 21–23, 26, 27, 30, 48, 54, 103, 137, 140, 145, 180, 184, 185, 192, 195–197, 199, 200, 205, 211, 214, 229, 233, 236, 238, 239, 241, 249, 256–258, 260, 261, 266, 271, 273, 274, 277, 282, 284 Diesel fuel 19, 241, 244, 256, 258, 260, 266, 269, 271, 275, 276, 283, 284 Diffusion flame 23 Dimethyl Ether (DME) 279, 280 Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) 118, 125 Direct injection 43, 50, 63, 75, 269, 270, 272 Direct injection Diesel 52–54, 63, 65, 71, 200, 239, 244, 266, 272 Distributor pump 57, 65 DOE (Department of Energy) 232, 283 DOT (Department of Transportation) 232 Driving cycle 209, 211, 214, 217, 218, 230 Dual-bed catalyst 38 Dumping 164, 165, 167, 171 E ECE – Regulation 202–204, 219, 245, 250 ECE test 35, 37, 73, 219 EEC – Commission 188, 201–205, 245, 269 Electric batteries 91, 95, 180 Electric energy 95, 101 Electric motor 95, 97, 101 Electric vehicle 95, 180, 182, 234 Emission 9, 74, 115, 138, 176, 183, 188 Emission regulations 35, 88, 89, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 191 Emission standards 35, 38, 141, 191, 195, 198, 201–204, 209, 211, 218, 224, 238, 239, 245 Emission testing 183, 192, 209, 214, 216, 217 End of life vehicles (ELV) 163, 165, 166 Energy 3, 4, 9, 48, 50, 95, 115, 164, 167–169, 257, 274–276, 280, 281, 283, 284 Engine 3, 9, 160, 179, 185, 284, 285 Engine control 27, 62, 80, 271 Engine external measures 35, 36 Engine internal measures 30, 35, 41, 74, 88, 239 Environment 3, 8, 138 Environmental audits 171 Environmental friendly vehicle 284 Environmental management and auditing system (EMAS) 171 Environmental protection 9, 185 Environmental protection agency (EPA) 178, 184, 185, 192, 222, 230, 239, 268, 274 Ethane 277, 278 Ethanol 103, 277, 281–283, 285 EU3 – Emission Standard 73, 82, 88, 144, 151, 199, 219, 236, 245, 246, 267 EU4 – Emission Standard 73, 77, 146, 152, 178, 183, 199, 206, 245, 246, 267, 272 European stationary cycle (ESC) 245, 246 European transient cycle (ETC) 245 EUROPIA (European Petroleum Industry) 262 Evaporative emission 52, 117, 177, 179, 184, 220–222, 224, 227, 237, 238, 250, 258, 264, 270 Exhaust after-treatment 9, 36–38, 43–46, 74, 81, 83, 88, 89, 191, 197, 239, 263, 268, 271, 274, 284 Exhaust gas 8, 9, 20–23, 31–33, 116, 175, 179, 204, 217, 250, 264, 270 Exhaust gas emission 30, 33, 34, 50, 51, 67, 68, 73, 74, 93, 94, 211, 214, 227, 230, 238, 261, 262, 273 Exhaust pipe 37, 160 Exhaust port 36 Exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR) 36, 38, 55, 63, 77, 79, 88, 89, 236, 239, 245, 270 F Federal standards 192, 195, 222, 223, 239 Federal test procedures 209, 224 Ferocene 87 FID (flame ionization detection) 211, 214 Flame 20, 22 290 Subject Index Flexible fuel vehicle 185, 282 Fluff 166–168 Fly-wheel accumulators 91, 96 Forest decay 9 Formaledehyde (HCHO) 179, 197, 224, 266, 267, 279 Fossil fuels 266, 276, 277, 280 Four stroke 54, 68, 91, 94, 97 Fuel 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 74, 177, 179, 185, 186, 204, 250, 256–258, 261, 266–268, 274, 275, 284, 285 Fuel cells 91, 97, 101–103, 234, 283, 287 Fuel consumption 9, 11, 12, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34–36, 40, 41, 43, 51, 55, 65, 67, 68, 71, 93, 141, 220, 227, 229, 230, 234, 239, 241, 258, 259, 266, 267, 271, 275, 277, 284 Fuel injection 48, 57, 59 Fuel vapors 22, 25 G Gas guzzler 232 Gas to liquid (GTL) 279 Gas turbine 91, 93 Gasoline 19, 25, 103, 185, 203, 256–258, 269, 273, 275, 276, 279, 282–284, 287 Gasoline/air mixture 25 Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines 43 Gasoline engine 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, 34, 40, 41, 103, 141, 145, 185, 195, 198, 199, 204, 205, 214, 217–219, 236, 256, 257, 261, 266, 270, 279 Global warming effect 227, 229, 234 Glow plugs 54 Greenhouse effect 9, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120, 152, 266 Greenhouse gases 11, 118, 120, 145, 146, 152, 227, 233, 282 GRPA (Group de Rapporteurs sur la Pollution de l’Air) 202, 204 H Halogenated hydrocarbons 115, 118, 124 Heavy duty vehicles (HDV) 238, 239, 241, 244–246, 249 Heavy methals 165 Helium (He) 93 Heterogenous air fuel mixtures 43, 51, 73, 81, 257 Highway cycle 230 Homogenous air/fuel mixtures 43 Homogenous diesel combustion 80 Hybrid drive 71, 97, 234 Hydrocarbons (HC) 9, 13, 19–21, 23, 28, 35, 36, 73, 79, 81, 88, 97, 113, 116, 117, 140, 141, 147, 152, 177, 184, 186, 187, 192, 193, 196, 198–200, 205, 209, 211, 214, 219, 223, 224, 239, 245, 261, 263, 264, 267, 271, 274, 278 Hydrogen (H2) 93, 99, 101, 102, 234, 277, 281, 283, 285, 287 I Ignition 32 Ignition delay 22, 260 Ignition timing 27, 32, 33, 39, 198 Immission 114, 115, 128, 130, 132, 137, 158 Injector nozzle 59, 62, 74, 75, 271, 274 Injection pressure 52 Injection system 75, 76, 80, 89 Inlet manifold 55 Inline pump 57 Inspection and maintenance (I/M) 178 Intake manifold 27, 33, 34, 39, 43, 65 Intake ports 53, 65 Intake stroke 25, 34 Internal combusiton engine 18, 91, 256, 268, 278, 280, 282–284, 287 In-use testing 178 Iron (Fe) 163, 166, 167, 170 ISO 14001 171 K Ketones 21, 179 Knock limit 39 Knocking combustion 34, 258, 259, 270 Kyoto 11, 227, 229, 234 L LA4-cycle 191, 211, 217 Lambda 27, 28, 30, 80, 82, 130 Lambda probe 39 LDT (light duty trucks) 232 LDV (light duty vehicles) 232 Lead (Pb) 38, 113, 165, 166, 170, 186, 204, 218, 273 Lead-acid batteries 95 Lean burn 34, 36, 41, 43–46, 73, 81, 82, 84, 272 Lean limit 32, 34, 36, 41 Lean mixture 20, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46, 205 Leer engine 94 Life cycle assessment (LCA) 171, 274, 275 Limites exhaust gas components 113 Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) 277, 279, 285 Low emisison vehicle (LEV) 179, 180, 193, 194, 224, 244 Lubricating oil 22, 23, 54 Subject Index 291 M Marine diesels 67, 68, 89, 91 Mean effective pressure (pme) 27 Mercury (Hg) 165, 170 Methane (CH4) 115, 118, 121, 146, 179, 192, 277, 278 Methanol (CH3OH) 102, 179, 185, 277, 279, 283, 285, 287 Methyl bromide (CH3Br) 124 Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) 124 Methyl esters 105 Mineral oil 19, 102, 256, 257, 276, 283 Misfiring of combustion 32 Mixture control 22, 39 Mobility 5, 6, 9, 110 Motor vehicle emissions group (MVEG) 249 Multi Point Injection (MPI) 269 N National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) 178 Natural gas (LNG, CNG) 102, 277–279, 283, 285 Natural sources 114, 120, 121, 125, 134, 227 Naturaly aspirated engines 29 Nature 1, 3–5 NDIR (Non dispersiv infra red) 209, 211, 214 NEDC (New European Driving cycle) 217, 219, 220 Nicolaus Augustus Otto 25 Nitrates 45 Nitrogen (N2) 20–22, 38, 46, 114 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 22, 38, 116, 117, 130, 131 Nitrogen monoxide (NO) 22, 38, 73, 116, 117, 130, 131 Nitrogen oxides (NOX) 9, 13, 20, 21, 28, 30, 31, 35, 36, 44, 68, 73, 75, 76, 88, 113, 117, 125, 130–132, 140, 141, 146, 147, 152, 177, 179, 180, 184, 187, 192, 193, 196–200, 205, 211, 214, 224, 229, 233, 239, 244, 245, 261, 263, 264, 267, 274, 283 Nitrous oxide (N2O) 22, 44, 115, 125, 126, 146 Noble metal catalyst 38, 41, 44, 45, 271 Noise 8, 9, 50, 55, 63, 67, 68, 74, 158–160 Non methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) 129, 130, 146, 239 Non methane organic gases (NMOG) 118, 179, 180, 194, 197, 224 Non-ferrous metals 166, 167 Non-selective catalyst reaction (NSCR) 83 NOX storage catalyst 45, 46, 83, 84, 272 O Octane number (ON) 258, 259, 269, 274, 282, 283, 287 Octane requirement 32, 259, 284 Off-road vehicles 127 Olefins 21, 23, 211, 261, 270 On board diagnostic (OBD) 88, 178, 184, 220, 224, 236–238, 246, 249, 250, 273 Operating parameters 30, 74 Organic fuels 22 Organis compounds 177, 179 Otto cycle 26, 92 Otto engine 19, 25, 27, 30, 34, 41, 141, 218, 257, 258, 264, 272, 277, 284 Oxidation catalyst 38, 41, 44, 63, 81, 82, 87, 88, 245, 272 Oxigen (O2) sensor 39, 45, 81, 196, 236, 262, 271, 273, 279 Oxygen (O2) 2, 20–22, 31, 99, 101, 261, 273, 282 Ozone (O3) 117, 118, 144, 151, 177, 179 Ozone formation potential (OFP) 117, 118, 144, 151, 152, 179, 266 Ozone hole 9 Ozone layer 115, 116 Ozone smog 9 Ozone-precursor 118, 179 P Palladium ( Pd) 38, 39 Paraffins 21, 23, 211, 261, 283 Partial zero emission vehicles (PZEV) 180, 182 Particle filter 81, 84, 87, 89, 197, 214, 241, 245, 272 Particulate matter (PM) 13, 22–24, 73, 76, 79, 88, 117, 134, 147, 180, 184, 186, 192–194, 196, 199, 200, 205, 214, 224, 233, 239, 241, 244, 250, 264, 267, 271, 273, 274, 282 Passenger cars 6, 9, 25, 48, 88, 110, 113, 121, 137, 138, 140, 144, 145, 158, 164, 230, 233, 236, 239 Petrol engine 48, 63 Phosphorus (P) 38 Photooxidants 113, 195 Photosynthesis 105, 116, 281 Piston 18, 21, 50, 51, 53, 54, 91, 92 Plastic 164, 166–168, 170 Platinum (Pt) 38, 101, 103 Pollutants 9, 116, 261, 266, 268, 274, 277, 284 Polyciclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 266, 267, 269, 270 Portliners 36, 37 292 Subject Index Power output 27, 29, 32, 34, 36, 39, 43, 62, 65, 67–69, 74, 259, 278 Power units 15, 25, 53, 91 Pre-catalyst 77 Pre-chamber engines 63, 75, 200, 266 Precious metals 83 Pre-injection 65, 76, 77, 80 Propane 277–279 Propulsion system 25, 91 R Rapseed methyl ester (RME) 282 Reciprocting piston engine 25, 91, 93, 94, 97 Recycling rate 165, 169 Recycling 125, 163, 164, 166–171, 281 Reduction catalyst 38, 241 Reformer 103, 283 Reformulated gasoline 262, 282 Regulated emissions 184, 204, 262, 270, 271 Renewable energy 234, 280–282 Residual gases 20, 36 Rhodium (Rh) 38 Rich mixture 31, 38 Road traffic 7, 8, 10, 12, 110, 112, 113, 121, 127, 128, 134, 137, 158, 284 Road transport 48 Rotary-piston engine 92, 93 Rudolf Diesel 48 Running losses 224 S Saturated hydrocarbons 261, 267, 270, 283 Scrap 163, 166, 167 Secondary air injection 36–38 Seiliger Process 48 Selective catalyst reaction (SCR) 83, 84, 88, 89, 241 Self ignition 22, 48, 50, 51 257, 264 Seven (7)-mode cycle 192, 211, 216 SHED (Sealed Housing for Evaporative Emission Determination) 222–224 Shredding 166–168 SiNOX 83, 84 Smog 176, 177, 211 Smoke 22, 80, 176, 186, 200, 214, 241, 271 Society of automotive engineers (SAE) 230 Solvents 129 Soot 22, 23, 73, 81, 137, 186, 246, 271, 279 Spark ignited engine 53, 63, 69, 71, 74, 82, 257 Specific fuel consumpiton 27 Specific work (we) 27, 259 Squish 34 Steam engine 18, 48, 91, 93, 94 Stirling engine 91, 93 Stoichiometric mixtures 20, 26, 30, 31, 39, 41, 43–45 Stratified charge engine 43 Sulfates 23, 73, 82, 273 Sulfur 21, 23, 38, 46, 73, 84, 113, 239, 241, 244, 267, 269, 272, 274, 282–284, 287 Sulfur hexafluoride 118 Summer smog 112 Super ultra low emission vehicle (SULEV) 180, 194, 224, 227 Sustainable development 171 Swirl 34, 53, 63, 65, 74, 79, 88 Swirl chamber 75 T 10-mode test 200 Technical guideline for air quality 129, 134, 137 Telematic 12 Test procedure 199–201 Thermal efficiency 94 Thermal reactor 36, 37 Three-way catalyst 38, 39, 41, 43–45, 82, 103, 114, 126, 141, 184, 196, 199, 217, 262, 263, 273, 279 Torque 30, 32, 34, 41, 43, 69 Toxicity 116 Trace gases 113, 115, 118 Trace substances 115, 116 Traffic 6–9, 11, 12, 115, 160, 217, 268, 275 Traffic management 11 Transport 5, 7, 115, 227, 233, 283 Transportation 5, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19, 48, 284, 285 Trucks 6, 67 Tumble 34 Turbocharged engines 30, 55, 56, 63, 69, 77, 88 Two-stroke 54, 68, 91, 92, 130 U Ultra low emission vehicle (ULEV) 179, 180, 193, 194 UBA (Umweltbundesamt, German Environment Agency) 203 Unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) 20, 21, 23, 30, 31, 41, 83, 113, 282 Underfloor catalyst 77 UNECE 130, 131 Unit injector 57 Unregulated exhaust gas components 113, 250, 266, 270 Urea 46, 83 Subject Index 293 UTAC (Union Techniques de l’Automobile du Motorcycle et du Cycle) 218 Utility vehicle 67, 87, 89 V Valve timing 33 Vapor pressure 264 VDA ( Association of German Automobil Makers) 146, 201, 202, 217, 218, 229 VDI (Association of German Engineers) 201, 218 Vegetable oil 277, 280–282 Volatile organic gases 118, 130 W Wankel engine 91–93 Waste 164, 167, 168, 171 Water steam (H2O) 20, 281 Water vapor (H2O) 44, 81, 99, 101, 102, 105, 114, 115, 120, 281, 283 Well to wheel analysis 274 WHO (World Health Organisation) 129, 134 Working cylce 25, 41, 51 Working medium 94 World Wide Fuel Charter (WWFC) 269–271, 284 ZZ eolites 45, 46, 83 Zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) 95, 179, 180, 182, 185, 193, 194, 206, 224, 227, 250