Transgenic crops. 6.

Section I Oils and Fibers I.1 Soybean P.M. OLHOFT and D.A. SOMERS 1 Introduction 2 Somatic Embryogenesis 3 Organogenesis 4 Other Regeneration and Transformation Methods 5 Conclusions References I.2 Canola V. CARDOZA and C.N. STEWART, JR. 1 Introduction 2 Economic Importance of Canola 3 Molecular Genetics of Rapeseed 4 Tissue Culture of Canola 5 Transformation of Canola 6 Transgenic Traits 7 Impact of Transgenic Plants 8 Conclusions References I.3 Sunflower G. LU, X. HU and D.L. BIDNEY 1 Introduction 2 Tissue Culture and Transformation 3 Genomics and Molecular Biology 4 Transgenic Improved Input Agronomic Traits 5 Transgenic Output Quality Traits 6 Gene Flow and Biosafety 7 Concluding Remarks References I.4 Oil Palm A. RIVAL 1 Introduction 2 Economic Importance 3 The Impact of Biotechnologies in Breeding Strategies 4 Advances in Tissue Culture 5 Genetic Transformation Technologies 6 Transgenic Plants for Oil Palm Improvement 7 Conclusion and Perspectives References I.5 Peanut P. OZIAS-AKINS 1 Introduction 2 Applications of Molecular Markers 3 Peanut Transformation 4 Conclusions References I.6 Cotton K.S. Rathore 1 Introduction 2 Importance of Genetic Engineering in Cotton 3 Modification of Cotton via Transgenic Means 4 Transformation Methods 5 Alternative Methods of Transformation 6 Selectable Marker Genes Used for Creating Transgenic Cotton 7 Reporter Genes Used in Cotton 8 Traits Introduced into Cotton through Transgenic Means 9 New Technological Advances and Their Role in Improving Cotton 10 Future Perspective References I.7 Flax A. PRETOV , B. OBERT and Z. BARTOSOVA 1 Introduction 2 Tissue and Organ Culture 3 Somatic Embryogenesis 4 Protoplast and Cell Suspension Cultures 5 Anther, Microspore and Ovary Cultures 6 Gene Transfer in Flax 7 Potential Applications of Transgenic Flax 8 Molecular Markers 9 Concluding Remarks and Further Prospects References Section II Medicinal Crops II.1 Gingseng Y. E. CHOI 1 Introduction 2 Cell Culture of P. ginseng 3 Hairy Root Culture of P. ginseng 4 Adventitious Root Culture in P. ginseng 5 Plant Regeneration of P. ginseng via Organogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis 6 Genetic Transformation and Metabolic Engineering 7 Genomics in P. ginseng 8 Concluding Remarks References II.2 Opium Poppy J.M. HAGEL, B.P. MACLEOD and P.J. FACCHINI 1 Introduction 2 Origins and History 3 Modern Cultivation 4 Classical Breeding 5 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 6 Biotechnology 7 Future Prospects References II.3 Henbane, Belladonna, Datura and Duboisia R. ARROO, J. WOOLLEY and K-M. OKSMAN-CALDENTEY 1 Introduction 2 Tropane Alkaloids, Uses and Outlook 3 Economic Importance of Tropane Alkaloid Containing Crops 4 Tropane Alkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway 5 Current Research and Development in Transgenic Technology 6 Use of Hairy Root Cultures for Tropane Alkaloid Production 7 Novel Developments and Future Challenges References II.4 Taxus spp. M.T. PI OL, R.M. CUSIDA", J. PALAZA"N, and M. BONFILL 1 Introduction 2 Biosynthesis of Taxol 3 In Vitro Culture 4 Conclusions and Prospects References Section III Ornamental Crops III.1 Roses S.S. KORBAN 1 Introduction 2 Advances in Molecular Markers for Genetic Studies and Breeding 3 Cloning and Characterization of Genes of Economic Value 4 Advances in Genetic Transformation and Recovery of Transgenic Plants 5 Conclusions References III.2 Carnation M. MOYAL-BEN ZVI and A. VAINSTEIN 1 Introduction 2 Recent Developments in Carnation Biotechnology 3 Conclusions References III.3 Chrysanthemum P.B. VISSER, R.A. de MAAGD and M.A. JONGSMA 1 Introduction 2 Chrysanthemum Transformation 3 Future Outlook References III.4 Orchids Y. XU and H. YU 1 Introduction 2 Genetic Transformation of Orchids 3 Potential Genes for Genetic Engineering of Orchids References III.5 Gladiolus K. KAMO and Y.H. JOUNG 1 Introduction 2 Tissue Culture 3 Genetic Transformation 4 Promoters and Gene Expression 5 Resistance to Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus 6 Resistance to Cucumber Mosaic Virus 7 Future Studies References III.6 Forsythia C. ROSATI, A. CADIC, M. DURON and P. SIMONEAU 1 Botanical Origin and Genetic Information 2 Genetic Resources and Breeding Programs 3 In Vitro Culture 4 Forsythia Biotechnology Research 5 Conclusions References Section IV Forages and Grains IV.1 Alfalfa C. SENGUPTA-GOPALAN 1 Introduction and Economic Importance 2 Breeding 3 Genomics 4 Genetic Engineering 5 Conclusions References IV.2 Clovers A. MOURADOV, S. PANTER, M. EMMERLING, M. LABANDERA, E. LUDLOW, J. SIMMONDS and G. SPANGENBERG 1 Introduction 2 Improvement of Forage Quality by Modification of Secondary Metabolism 3 Improvement of Tolerance to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses 4 Functional Genomics and Metabolomics as Key Technologies for Characterisation and Modification of Natural Product Biosynthesis 5 Conclusions, Challenges and Future Developments References IV.3 Tall Fescue Z-Y. WANG and G. SPANGENBERG 1 Introduction 2 Economic Importance 3 Current Research and Development 4 Practical Applications of Transgenic Plants 5 Conclusions and Future Challenges References IV.4 Ryegrasses Y. RAN, C. RAMAGE, S. FELITTI, M. EMMERLING, J. CHALMERS, N. CUMMINGS, N. PETROVSKA, A. MOURADOV and G. SPANGENBERG 1 Introduction 2 Economic Importance 3 Current Research and Development 4 Practical Applications of Transgenic Plants 5 Conclusions and Future Challenges References IV.5 Lupins L.M. TABE and L. MOLVIG 1 Introduction 2 Genetic Transformation of Lupins 3 Lupin Improvement through Biotechnology 4 Future Prospects References Section V Regulatory and Intellectual Property of GM Plants V.1 Freedom to Commercialize Transgenic Plant Products -- Regulatory and Intellectual Property Issues S. CHANDLER and J. ROSENTHAL 1 Introduction 2 Intellectual Property 3 Regulatory Approval 4 Conclusion References