Urban airborne particulate matter : origin, chemistry, fate and health impacts

Part I Airborne Particulate Matter: Sources, Composition and Concentration A Comparative Review of PM Levels, Sources, and Their Likely Fates in the Eastern Mediterranean Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Najat A. Saliba and Rawad Massoud Concentration and Source Origin of Trace Metals in PM2.5 Collected at Selected Canadian Sites within the Canadian National Air Pollution Surveillance Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Valbona Celo and Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska Sources and Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Toxicity of Polluted Atmosphere Aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Gerhard Lammel, Jirˇí Novák, Linda Landlová, Alice Dvorská, Jana Klánová, Pavel Cˇ upr, Jirˇí Kohoutek, Eberhard Reimer and Lenka Škrdlíková Particulate Emissions from On-Road Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Andreas Limbeck and Christoph Puls The Atmospheric Concentrations of Pb, Mn, Cr, and Cd on the Korean Peninsula Between 1991 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Kim Ki-Hyun, Nguyen Hang Thi and Ma Chang-Jin Long-Distance Transport of Urban and Industrial Metals and Their Incorporation into the Environment: Sources, Transport Pathways and Historical Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Samuel K. Marx and Hamish A. McGowan ix Part II Metals and Organic Compounds in Airborne Particulate Matter: Analytical Methods Trace Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Air Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Rajasekhar Balasubramanian and Jun He Analytical Developments for Emerging Pollutants in Indoor Suspended Particulate Matter and Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 C. Garcia-Jares, R. Barro, J. Regueiro, L. Sanchez-Prado and M. Llompart Application of Synchrotron X-ray Techniques for the Determination of Metal Speciation in (House) Dust Particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Lachlan C. W. MacLean, Suzanne Beauchemin and Pat E. Rasmussen Ultra-Trace Analysis of Palladium: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 C. Puls, A. Limbeck and S. Hann Direct Determination of Metals in PM10 Filters by Laser Ablation-ICP-MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Sebastien Rauch, Gabriele Carugati and Ying Cao Chemical Composition of Subway Particles in Seoul, Korea, Determined Using Quantitative Single Particle Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Hae-Jin Jung, Sunni Kang, Hye Kyeong Kim and Chul-Un Ro Analysis of Palladium Concentrations in Airborne Particulate Matter with Reductive Co-Precipitation, He Collision Gas and ID-ICP-Q-MS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 H. Alsenz, F. Zereini, C. L. S. Wiseman and W. Püttmann Part III Airborne Particulate Matter: Environmental Pathways, Behaviour and Fate Fate and Transfer of Semivolatile Organic Compounds in a Multi-Compartment Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Rajasekhar Balasubramanian and Jun He Vertical Distribution of Airborne Particulate Matter in a Tropical Urban Environment: Changes in Physical and Chemical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 M. Kalaiarasan, R. Balasubramanian, K. W. D. Cheong and K. W. Tham Semi-volatile Organic Pollutants in the Gaseous and Particulate Phases in Urban Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Hua Wei and An Li x Contents Secondary Particle Production in Urban Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Boris Bonn The Effect of Asian Dust on Urban Airborne PM in Japan. . . . . . . . . 371 Chang-Jin Ma The Assessment of SO2 Emitted into Atmosphere by the Pyrometallurgical Complex of Ghazaouet (NW, Algeria) . . . . . . . . . . 387 B. Dahmani, F. Hadji and L. Benaabidate Part IV Bioavailability and Toxicology of Airborne Particulate Matter Pd Particles as Standardized Test Material for Bioavailability Studies of Traffic Related Pd Emissions to Barley Plants . . . . . . . . . . 399 Kerstin Leopold and Michael Schuster The Role of Stable Free Radicals, Metals and PAHs of Airborne Particulate Matter in Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Carcinogenicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Athanasios Valavanidis, Konstantinos Fiotakis and Thomie Vlachogianni In vivo and In vitro Assessment of Particulate Matter Toxicology. . . . 427 Umme S. Akhtar, Jeremy A. Scott, Amanda Chu and Greg J. Evans Part V Airborne Particulate Matter Exposures and Health Risks The Use of Snow, Soil and Lichens as Biomonitors of Contaminants in Airborne Particulate Matter in North-Eastern European Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Tony R. Walker Biomonitoring of Toxic Compounds of Airborne Particulate Matter in Urban and Industrial Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Andreas Klumpp and Helge Ro-Poulsen Exposure to Ultrafine Particles in Urban Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Kelly Sabaliauskas and Greg Evans Occupational Exposure to Urban Airborne Particulate Matter: A Review on Environmental Monitoring and Health Effects . . . . . . . . 501 Ivo Iavicoli, Veruscka Leso, Luca Fontana and Antonio Bergamaschi Health Risks of Urban Airborne Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 Andreas D. Kappos Contents xi Airborne Particulate Matter, Platinum Group Elements and Human Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 Clare L. S. Wiseman and Fathi Zereini Part VI Protecting Human Health: Policy, Regulation and Scientific Uncertainty Distinguishing Health Effects Among Different PM2.5 Components . . . 575 Thomas J. Grahame Regulations and Policy Measures Related to the Reduction of Ambient Particulate Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 L. Morawska, E. R. Jayaratne, L. D. Knibbs and M. Megatmokhtar Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643