Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology. V 178

Abiotic coupling, manganese oxidation of Anaerobic packed-bed bioreactor, Cr(VI) Cr(III), 121 water remediation, 145 Aging effect on metal availability in soils, APHA, American Public Health Associa1 ff. tion, 34 Aging, increases in metal availability, ASTM, American Society for Testing and soils, 9 Materials, 34 Aging metals, bioavailability to invertebrates, 11 Bioavailability, metals in soils, defined, 1 Aging metals, soil availability, 2 Biofilms, chromium remediation in waste- Algae, chromium toxicity, 128 water, 142 Algae, environmental metals risk monitor, Bioremediation technology, Cr(VI) in 23 ff. soils, 144 Algae test protocols for toxicity, 26 Biotic coupling, manganese oxidation of Algal Assay Procedure Bottle Test (EPA), Cr(III), 121 23 Algal culture techniques, toxicity tests, 27 Cadmium, algal toxicity (table) , 38 Algal metal toxicity, effects measure- Cadmium fixation in soils, 5 ments, 37 Carcinogenicity, chromium, 59 Algal metal toxicity, regulatory context, Cation exchange capacities (CECs), 25 soils, 4 Algal metal toxicity testing, 23 ff. CECs (See cation exchange capacities, 4 Algal metal toxicity testing, acclimation/ Chelators, effect in algal toxicity testing, adaptation laboratory, 41 30 Algal metal toxicity testing, adsorption, Chemical reactivity, chromate ion, 57 39 Chlamydomonas reinhardii (alga), pH Algal metal toxicity testing, inoculum effects Cu toxicity, 30 rate, 38 Chlorella pyrenoidosa (alga), Cu & Pb Algal metal toxicity testing, lab/field testing, 28 extrapolation, 42 Chlorella vulgaris (alga), toxicity testing, Algal metal toxicity testing, toxicity 34, 37 mechanisms, 39 Chromate ion, chemical reactivity, 57 Algal metal toxicity testing, uptake, 39 Chromate-contaminated soil/water, remeAlgal metal toxicity testing, variables diation, 77 affecting results, 43 Chromate-contaminated soils, remediation Algal sensitivity, toxicants, interspecific technologies, 79 differences, 35 Chromite, only major commercial prodAlgal sensitivity, toxicants, intraspecies uct, 95 variability, 36 Chromium (III), chemistry 57 Algal species used in standard toxicity Chromium (III), oxidation rate by testing, 34 γ-MnOOH, 102 Algal toxicity testing, test media, 28 Chromium (III), threshold permissible Alumina aging in soils, 4 levels in soils, 78 Anabaena flos-aquau (alga), toxicity Chromium (V), accumulation in Cr(VI) testing, 34 reduction to Cr(III), 119 165 166 Index Chromium (VI), bioremediation technol- Chromium, in soil solution, 67 ogy, 144 Chromium, in tannery waste sites, 53 ff. Chromium (VI), chemistry, 57 Chromium, industrial consumption, 96 Chromium (VI) direct reduction, micro- Chromium, inhibitory effects on nitrificabial, 104 tion in soil, 139 Chromium (VI), factors affecting soil solu- Chromium, iron effects on oxidation, 98 tion, 72 Chromium, irreversible reduction, Cr(VI) Chromium (VI) reductases, bacteria, 118 to Cr(III), 78 Chromium (VI) reduction, list of capable Chromium, manganese effects on oxidamicrobes, 106 tion, 99 Chromium (VI) reduction microbes, list, Chromium, natural sources, 95 106 Chromium, organically complexed solubil- Chromium (VI) reduction, microbial ity, 69 aerobically, 106 Chromium, oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI), Chromium (VI) reduction, microbial 71 anaerobically, 106 Chromium oxidation reactions, soil, 98 Chromium (VI), soil adsorption, 74 Chromium oxidation, soil type effects, Chromium (VI), threshold permissible 100 levels in soils, 78 Chromium, partitioning & mobility, 66 Chromium (VI) tolerance, microbes, 103 Chromium partitioning, sludge/soils, 63 Chromium (VI) transformation to non- Chromium, priority pollutant, 94 toxic Cr(III), 94 Chromium, reduction potential diagram, Chromium (VI)-tolerant bacteria, 125 56 Chromium, adsorption/desorption, soils, Chromium remediation in soils, 143 70 Chromium remediation in wastewater, Chromium, anthropogenic sources, 95 141 Chromium, carcinogenicity, 59 Chromium salts, 54 Chromium chemistry, soils, 53 ff. Chromium sequential extraction scheme, Chromium, commercial uses, 54 Chinese soils, 63 Chromium cycle in soil and water (dia- Chromium, soil mobility, water solubility, gram), 60 97 Chromium, effects on enzymes in soils, Chromium, soil organic matter effects, 97 138 Chromium, soil solution chemistry, 67 Chromium, effects on microbial processes Chromium, solid-phase speciation, 61 in soils (table), 133 Chromium, stable oxidation states, 55 Chromium, effects on nitrogen fixation in Chromium, thermodynamic stability of soil, 139 aqueous species (diagram), 68 Chromium, effects on pure cultures, Chromium toxicity, algae, 129 microorganisms (table), 133 Chromium toxicity, animals, humans, 58 Chromium, effects on reductive dechlori- Chromium toxicity, fungi, 127 nation in soil, 140 Chromium toxicity, general, 58 Chromium, effects on soil dehydrogenase Chromium toxicity, microorganisms, 126, activity, 132 128 Chromium, effects on soil microbial Chromium toxicity, mycorrhizal fungi, communities, 130 127 Chromium, effects on soil respiration, 139 Chromium toxicity, plants, microorgan- Chromium extraction, serpentine soils, 62 isms, 58 Chromium extraction, sludge, 62 Chromium transformation in soil, factors Chromium genotoxicity, 59 governing, 97 Index 167 Chromium transformation in soil, microbe Invertebrates, metal bioavailability in factors, 103 soils, 10, 11 Chromium, various forms, 95 Iron, effects on chromium oxidation, 98 Chromium, water solubility, 97 Iron fixation in soils, 6 Chromium-contaminated soils, microor- Iron transformation in soils, 4 ganism remediation, 93 ff. Irreversible reduction, Cr(VI) to Cr(III), Chromium-contaminated soils, sources, 78 94 ISO, International Organization for Chromium-contaminated water & soils, Standardization, 34 remediation, 141 Chromium-microorganism interactions, Kd (Partition coefficients), metals in soils, soil, 93 ff. 15 Cobalt fixation in soils, 6 Copper fixation in soils, 5 Lead fixation in soils, 5 Copper toxicity, earthworms, 10 Leather tanning with chromium, Croococcus paris (alga), zinc toxicity described, 54 testing, 37 Light, effect in algal toxicity testing, 33 Culture media, algal toxicity testing, 28 Cyclotella sp. (alga), toxicity testing, 34 Manganese (II) oxidation to Mn(IV), microbial, 122 Dehydrogenases, chromium effects in Manganese (II) oxidizing microbes, list, soil, 132 123 Dissolved organic carbon, effects on Manganese effects on chromium oxidametal aging, soils, 5 tion, 99 DOC (See dissolved organic carbon), 5 Manganese fixation in soils, 6 DTPA (See diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Manganese oxidation, microbial mechaacid), 7 nism, 123 DTPA, metal extraction, soils, 7 Manganese oxides formed by microbes, 124 EDTA (See ethylenediaminetetraacetic Metal aging in soils, 1 ff. acid), 7 Metal aging, natural soils, 6 EDTA, metal extraction, soils, 7 Metal availability in soils, aging effects, 1 Environmental bioavailability, metals in ff. soils, 9 Metal extraction from soils, 6 Environmental metals risk testing, algae, Metal sorption/desorption, soils, 3 23 ff. Metal-contaminated soils, risk assessment, Extraction methods, chromium in soil, 62 1 ff. Metals, environmental availability, Fungi, chromium toxicity, 127 defined, 1 Metals, environmental bioavailability,
-MnOOH, oxidation rate of Cr(III), 102 defined, 1 Metals, toxicological bioavailability, Hormidium rivulare, Cu toxicity testing, 29 defined, 1 Microbial oxidation, Mn(II) to Mn(IV), Interspecific differences, algal toxicant 122 sensitivity, 35 Microbial reduction, Cr(VI), 106 Intraspecies variability, algal toxicant Microcystis aeruginosa (alga), toxicity sensitivity, 36 testing, 34 168 Index Microorganisms, aging metal soil bioavail- Remediation technologies, chromate-conability, 13 taminated soils, 79 Microorganisms, capable of oxidizing Remediation technologies, chromium in manganese, 123 wastewater, 141 Microorganisms, capable of reducing Risk assessment, metal-contaminated Cr(VI), list, 106 soils, 1 ff Microorganisms, tolerance to Cr(VI), 103 Risk assessment of metals, using algae Mycorrhizal fungi, chromium toxicity, toxicity tests, 23 ff. 127 Scenedesmus quadricauda (alga), Cu Natural soils, metal aging, 6 toxicity testing, 29, 34, 37 Navicula pelliculosa (alga), toxicity Scenedesmus subspicatus (alga), toxicity testing, 34 testing, 34 Selenastrum capricornutum (alga), metal Nickle fixation in soils, 6 monitoring, 23, 34, 37 Nitrification, Cr(III) inhibitory effects in Soil chromium, chemistry, 59 soil, 139 Soils, metal extraction methods, 6 Nitszchia closterium (marine diatom), Solid-phase speciation, chromium in soils, Cu & Zn testing, 28 62, 64 Nitzschia sp. (alga), toxicity testing, 34 Standard artificial soils, OECD, 8 Nutrients, effect in algal toxicity testing, Standard test protocols, algae toxicity 31 tests (table), 26 Synedra sp. (alga), toxicity testing, 34 OECD (See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 8 Tannery effluents, source of Cr(VI)-reduc- OECD, Organization for Economic Coop- ing microbes, 115 eration and Development, 34 Tannery sludge composition, 75, 76 OECD standard artificial soils, 8 Tannery sludge, sequential chromium Oxidation, chromium (III) to (VI), 71 extraction, 65 Tannery waste, major chromium source, 96 Partition coefficients (Kd), metals in soils, Tannery waste sites, chromium problems, 15 53 ff. pH, chromium redox reaction effects, 97, Tanning of leather with chromium, de99 scribed, 54 pH, effect in algal toxicity testing, 28 Temperature, effect in algal toxicity testpH, effect on chromium oxidation, 71 ing, 33 Plants, metal bioavailability in soils, 9 Test media, algal toxicity testing, 28 Plants, metal toxicological bioavailability Toxicity, chromium, 58 Toxicity, chromium to microorganisms, in soils, 10 126, 128 Priority pollutants, chromium, 94 Toxicity tests, algal culture techniques, 27 Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (alga), Toxicological bioavailability, metals in algae metal monitoring, 23, 30 soils, 10 Toxicological bioavailability, metals in Reductases, Cr(VI) to Cr(III), microbial, soils, defined, 1 118 Remediation, chromate-contaminated soil/ Zinc, algal toxicity (table), 37 water, 77, 141 Zinc fixation in soils, 5 Remediation, Cr(VI)-contaminated water, Zinc, toxicity to earthworms, 11 81 Zinc, toxicity to springtails, 11