Basic environmental engineering

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 1.1 Basic Concepts 1 1.2 Biotic and Abiotic Environment 2 1.3 Adverse Effects of Environmental Pollution 2 1.4 Control Strategies 4 1.5 Environmental Act and Regulations 6 1.5.1 International Concern for Environment 7 1.5.2 Environmental Protection laws in India 7 1.6 Regulatory Structure of Pollution Control Authorities and their Functions 9 1.6.1 Functions of M.O.E.F 9 1.6.2 Functions of the Central Pollution Control Board 9 1.6.3 Functions of the State Pollution Control Board 10 1.7 Conclusion 11 2. WATER POLLUTION 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Water Resources 13 2.2.1 Rainfall 14 2.2.2 Distribution of Rainfall 15 2.2.3 Measurement of Rainfall 15 2.3 Surface Sources of Water Supply 17 2.4 Subsurface or Underground Sources 21 2.4.1 Porosity 21 2.4.2 Permeability 21 2.5 Ground Water Yield 22 2.5.1 Drilling of Tube-Wells 23 2.5.2 Lowering of Pipes and Gravel Packing 26 2.5.3 Development of Tube-Wells 26 2.5.4 Yield of a Tube-Well 27 2.5.4.1 Yield of a Tube-Well in an Unconfined Aquifer 27 2.5.4.2 Yield of a Tube-Well in a Confined Aquifer 30 2.6 Basics of the Water Supply Schemes 32 2.6.1 Quality of Water 35 Preface (vii)   2.6.2 Characteristics of Water 38 2.7 Treatment of Water 42 2.7.1 Screening 42 2.7.2 Plain Sedimentation 42 2.7.3 Sedimentation Aided with Coagulation 43 2.7.3 Filtration 43 2.7.4 Disinfection 44 2.7.5 Aeration 45 2.7.6 Water Softening 46 2.8 Requirement of Pressure of Water to be Supplied 48 2.9. Waste Water Management 49 2.9.1 Prevention of Pollution 49 2.9.2 Statutory Water and Sanitation Boards 50 2.9.3 Waste Water Management 51 2.9.3.1 Collection of Domestic Wastewater 51 2.9.3.2 Conveyance or Transportation of Waste Water 52 2.9.3.3 Design of the Sewer Line 52 2.9.3.4 Hydraulics of Sewers 54 2.9.1 Treatment of Wastewater 55 2.9.1.1 Unit Operations and Processes 57 2.9.1.2 Methods of Treatment of Wastewater 59 2.9.5 Anaerobic Digestion 60 2.9.6 Disposal of Treated Wastewater (Effluent) 61 2.9.7 Disposal into Water Bodies 62 2.9.7.1 Disposal on Land 63 2.9.8 Onsite Sanitation 64 2.9.9 Septic Tank 64 2.9.10 Soak Pits 65 2.10 In-house Treatment and Saving of Water 66 2.11 Conclusion 3. AIR POLLUTION 69 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Formal Definition of Air Pollution 70 3.3 Classification of Pollutants 71 3.3.1 Classification of Air Pollutants 71 3.3.2. Primary and Secondary Air Pollutants 73 3.4 Classification based on Position 74 3.5 Harmful Effects of Air Pollution on Materials 76 3.6 Control of Air Pollution 77 3.7 Control of Automobile Pollution 78 3.7.1 Catalytic Converter 78 3.8 Noise Pollution 79 3.9 Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming 79 3.10 Acid Rain 80 3.11 Ozone Depletion 82 3.11.1 Causes of the Ozone Layer Depletion 82 3.11.2 Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion 83
 3.11.3 Preventive Action to Ozone Depletion 83 3.12 Conclusion 83 4. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Classification of Solid Waste 89 4.2.1. Importance of Classification 91 4.3 Composition and Characteristics of Solid Waste 93 4.3.1. Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Indian Cities 93 4.4 Expected Quantities of Solid Waste 95 4.5 Physical Characteristics 96 4.6 Chemical Characteristics 97 4.7 Waste Management Approach 98 4.7.1 Inventory Management and Improved Operation 98 4.7.2 Utilization of Waste 99 4.8 Solid Waste Management: An Overview 100 4.8.1 Identification of Waste and its Minimization at the Source 100 4.8.2 Collection, Segregation and Storage at the Site of Collection 101 4.8.3 Transportation of Solid Waste 102 4.8.4 Treatment of Solid Waste 102 4.8.5 Energy Recovery and Disposal 103 4.6.5.1 Incineration 103 4.8.5.2 Landfill 104 4.8.5.3 Composting 105 4.9 Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste 106 4.8.1 Parameters Affecting Energy Recovery 107 4.10 Sanitary Landfill 108 4.11 Hazardous Waste Management 109 4.12 Bio-Medical Waste 110 4.13 Conclusion 111 5. ECOLOGY 115 5.1 Introduction 115 5.1.1 Objectives of Ecological Study 117 5.1.2 Useful Definitions 117 5.1.3 Classification of Various Aspects of Ecology 119 5.1.3.1 Autecology 119 5.1.3.2 Synecology 120 5.1.3.3 Classification on the Basis of Habitat 120 5.1.3.3.1 Modern Sub-Divisions of Ecology 120 5.1.4 Functional Concepts of Ecology 121 5.2 Basics of Species 122 5.3 Ecosystem 122 5.3.1 Cyclic Operation of Ecosystems 124 5.3.1.1 Geophysical 124 5.3.1.2.Hydrological Cycle 125
 5.3.1.3 Chemical Cycle 128 5.3.2 Ecosystem and Human Beings 130 5.3.3 Biome and Ecosystem 131 5.4 Energy Flow in the Ecosystem 132 5.4.1 Solar Energy 133 5.5 Major Ecosystems of the World 135 5.5.1 Sea as an Ecosystem 136 5.5.2 Estuaries 136 5.5.3 Streams and Rivers 136 5.5.4 Lakes and Ponds 137 5.5.5 The Terrestrial Formations 137 5.5.6 Deserts 137 5.5.7 Tundras 138 5.5.8 Grasslands 138 5.5.9 Forest 139 5.6 Biodiversity 140 5.6.1 Basic Laws of Biodiversity 141 5.7 Population Analysis 142 5.7.1 Population Characteristics 142 5.7.2 Regulation of Population 143 5.7.3 Population Dynamics 143 5.8 Conclusion 146 6. RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Renewable Sources of Energy 151 6.2.1 Solar Energy 151 6.2.2 Wind Energy 153 6.2.3 Energy from Water 155 6.2.4 Energy from Oceans 156 6.2.5 Energy from Biomass 156 6.2.6 Geothermal Energy 156 6.3 Potential of Renewable Energy Resources in India 157 6.4 Conclusion 158 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 161 7.1 Introduction 161 7.2 Necessity of Environmental Impact Assessment 163 7.3 Methodology of Environmental Impact Assessment 164 7.3.1 Identification of Impact Areas 164 7.3.1.1 Water Resource Project 164 7.3.1.2 Hydroelectricity Project 172 7.3.1.3 Navigation Project 172 7.3.1.4 Tidal Hydro Electricity Project 172 7.3.1.5 Wave Energy Generation 173 7.3.1.6 Wind Energy Project 173 7.3.1.7 Geothermal Energy 174
 7.3.1.8 Solar Energy 174 7.3.1.9 Thermal Power Plants 174 7.3.1.10 Biomass or Biogas Power Plant 175 7.3.1.11 Industries 175 7.3.2 Data Collection 176 7.3.3 Prediction 177 7.3.4 Assessment 179 7.4 Conclusion 180 8. NOISE POLLUTION 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Levels of Noise 184 8.3 The Nature of Sound 184 8.3.1 Amplitude(A) 185 8.3.2 Pitch 185 8.3.3 Power and Intensity 186 8.4 Sensitivity of Sound 186 8.5 Levels of Noise and its Measurement: 187 8.6 Acceptable Noise Levels 188 8.7 Effects of Noise 189 8.8 Adverse Effects of Noise 190 8.8.1 Effects on Human Body Function 190 8.8.2 Sleep Interference 190 8.8.3 Effect on Working Efficiency 190 8.8.4 Effect on Wild Life 190 8.8.5 Effects on Non Living Things 190 8.9 Control of Noise Pollution 191 8.9.1 Noise Control at Source 191 8.9.2 Noise Control along the Path 191 8.10 Noise Control at Receiving End 191 8.11 Other Ways of Noise Control 191 8.12 Measurement of Noise 192 8.13 Conclusion 192 Bibliography 195 Index 199