Molecular diagnostics : promises and possibilities

CONTENTS Preface 1. INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS 1.1 Prologue 1.2 Clinical diagnostics entering a new phase 1.3 Concept of Molecular Diagnostics 1.4 Molecular Diagnostic Technology and Health Care Industries 1.5 Molecular diagnostic test 1.6 Conclusion 2. OMICS TECHNOLOGY 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Concept of Omics 2.3 Genome and Genomics 2.4 Transcriptome and Transcriptomics 2.5 Proteome and Proteomics 2.6 Metabolome and Metabolomics 2.7 Integration of Omic 2.8 Conclusion 3. RECOMBINANT DNA PHARMACEUTICALS 3.1 Prologue 3.2 Concept 3.3 Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology 3.4 Therapeutic Applications of Recombinant DNA derived Pharmaceuticals 3.5 Conclusion 4. APTAMERS: IN VITRO DNA SELECTION 4.1 Prologue 4.2 Concept 4.3 Selection of Aptamers 4.4 Applications of DNA and RNA Aptamers 4.5 conclusion 5. REPORTER GENE 5.1 Prologue 5.2 Concept 5.3 Reporter Gene Assay 5.4 Transformation and Transfection Assays 5.5 Gene Expression Assays 5.6 Promoter Assays 5.7 Role of Reporter Gene Assay in Molecular Diagnostics 5.8 Conclusion 6. IMPACT OF HCP ON MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS 6.1 Prologue 6.2 Origin of the Human Genome Project 6.3 Goals and Issues of HGP 6.4 The Human Genome and Genetic Variation 6.5 Human Genome Project and Health Services and Improve Health 6.6 Single Gene Disease 6.7 New and Individualised Drug Treatments 6.8 The Achievements and Challenges of The HGP 6.9 Information Transfer 6.10 Impact of the Human Genome Project on Epidemiologic Research 6.11 Impact of the Human Genome Project on Our Genomic Makeup 6.12 Conclusion 7. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS IN THE POST GENOMIC AND PROTEOMIC ERA 7.1 Prologue 7.2 The Genomic Era 7.3 Concept 7.4 The Post Genomic Era 7.5 Advantages of Combining Multiple Types of Data 7.5 Biomedical Research in the Postgenomic Era 7.6 Conclusion 8. ETHICS, PATENTS AND REGULATIONS 8.1 Prologue 8.2 Concept of Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues 8.3 Ethical and Social Issues in Diagnostic Molecular Genetics 8.4 Confronting the Ethical, Legal and Social Issues 8.5 Genes and Disease 8.6 The Existence of Genetic Information 8.7 Impact of the Human Genome Project at the Interface between Patent and FDA Law 8.8 Regulatory Process 8.9 Conclusion 9. POLYMERIZED CHAIN REACTION 9.1 Prologue 9.2 The Concept 9.3 PCR Optimisation 9.4 Advances in the PCR Technique 9.5 Cloning PCR Products 9.6 PCR as a Diagnostic Tool 9.7 Conclusion 10. IN SITU HYBRIDISATION 10.1 Prologue 10.2 The Concept of in SITU Hybridisation 10. 3 Disadvantages of Radioactive Probes 10.4 Solving the Problem: Advent of Fish Technique 10.5 Applications of Fish as a Diagnostic Tool for Research 10.6 Recent Advances of in SITU Hybridisation Technology 10.7 Conclusion 11. IMMUNOASSAY ELISA 11.1 Prologue 11.2 Concept 11.3 Types of Immunoassay 11.4 Recent advances in the Field of Immunodiagnostics 11.5 Clinical Applications of Immunoassay 11.6 Utilization and Interpretation of Immunological Tests 11.7 Conclusion 12. PHAGE DISPLAY 12.1 Prologue 12.2 Concept 12.3 Phage-Display Libraries as Populations of Replicable, Mutable Chemical 12.4 Practical Applications of Phage Display 12.5 Conclusion 13. MICROARRAY 13. 1 Prologue 13.2 The Concept of Microarray 13.3 Current Challenges of Microarrays 13.4 Conclusion 14. DNA BIOSENSORS 14.1 Prologue 14.2 The Concept of DNA Biosensor 14.3 Applications of Biosensors 14.4 Advantages of Biosensors 14.5 Development of DNA Hybridization Biosensor 14.6 DNA Biosensor for Molecular Detection of Pathogens 14.7 Biosensors as Analytical Tools in the Food and Drink Industries 14.8 Potential of Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring 14.9 Future Challenges 15. MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING 15.1 Prologue 15.2 Concept 15.3 Advent of Improved Diagnostics 15.4 Traditional Microbial Typing 15.5 Nucleic Acid-Based Typing Systems 15.6 Current Application of Molecular Diagnostics 15.7 Promise of Molecular Testing 15.8 Assay Validation-Analytic Sensitivity and Specificity 15.9 Conclusion 16. PROTEOMIC TECHNOLOGY 16.1 Prologue 16.2 Concept 16.3 Methods to Perform Proteomic Analysis 16.4 Functional Proteomics 16.5 Implications of the Human Genome Project 16.6 Measurement Using a Proteomic Approach 16.7 Use of Mass Spectrometry in Proteomics 16.8 Proteomics: From basic Research to Diagnostic Application 16.9 Role of in Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) in Health Care 16.10 Goals of Proteomics 16.11 Conclusion 17. NANOMEDICINE 17.1 Prologue 17.2 Concept 17.3 Nanotechnology in Medicine 17.4 Nanodiagnostics 17.5 Molecular Electronics 17.6 Nanotechnology Biosensor for Pathogen Detection 17.7 Nanotechnology Composite Materials for Next Generation Biomedical Application 17.8 A Carbon Nanotube Biosensor 17.9 Conclusion 18. BIOMARKERS 18.1 Prologue 18.2 Concept 18.3 Biomarkers on the Horizon 18.4 New Applications for established Biomarkers 18. 5 Organization of a Program in Protein Biomarker Discovery 18.6 Conclusion 19. DIAGNOSES AND MONITORING OF INFECTION 19.1 Prologue 19.2 Concept 19.3 Molecular Diagnostics of Infections 19.4 Conclusion 20. DIAGNOSIS OF MUTATION AND GENETIC DISORDERS 20.1 Prologue 20.2 Concept 20.3. Factors Regulating a Genetic Disease 20.4 Genetic Testing 20.5 Current Status of Molecular Diagnosis of Some Common Genetic Diseases 20.7 CONCLUSION 21. DIAGNOSES OF COMPLEX DISEASES 21.1 Prologue 21.2 Concept 21.3 Background Information 21.4 Detecting New Metabolic Disease Pathway 21.5 Phenotypic Variations in Simplex Diseases 21.6 The Genetic Background of Complex Disorders 21.7 Dissecting Interactions Between Genes and Environment 21.8 Conclusion 22. BIOCHIPS 22.1 Prologue 22.2 Concept 22.3 Design of Biochip 22.4 Applications of Biochips 22.5 Biochip Market 22.6 Future of Biochips 23. PERSONALISED MEDICINE 23.1 Prologue 23.2 Concept 23.3 Practice of Medicine in the 21st Century 23.4 Role of Personalized Medicine in Drug Discovery 23.5 Molecular diagnosis will Determine Prognosis and Therapy 23.6 Personalized Medicine and Genetic Markers 23.7 Challenges of Realizing the Promise of Personalized Medicine 23.8 Personalised Medicine and Pharmacogenomics 23.9 Personalized Medicine and Diseases 23.10 Personalized Medicine and Diagnostics Industry 23.11 Impact of the U.S. Patent System on the Promise of Personalized Medicine 23.12 Ethical Legal and Social Issues of Personalised Medicine 23.13 Conclusion 24. BIOPHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AND HEALTH CARE 24.1 Prologue 24.2 Concept 24.3 Biopharmaceutical Research 24.4 Biopharmaceuticals Industry, a Rapidly Growing Sector within the Pharmaceuticals Industry 24.5 Molecular Diagnostics and Health Care 24.6 Global Context 24.7 Challenges of the Biopharmaceutical Industry 25. FORENSIC MEDICINE 25.1 Prologue 25.2 Concept 25.3 Forensic Medicine and DNA Fingerprinting 25.4 Applications of DNA Methylation Markers in Forensic Medicine 25.5 Forensic Medicine and Anthropometry 25.6 Clinical Forensic Medicine 25.7 Conclusion 26. PHARMACOGENOMICS 26.1 Prologue 26.2 Concept 26.3 Predicting Drug Response on Gene Variation 26.4 Drug Development and Testing Benefit from Pharmacogenomics 26.5 Applications and Benefits of Pharmacogenomics 26.6 Benefits of Pharmacogenomic Testing 26.7 Recent Reports of Pharmacogenomics Use 26.8 Interpreting Pharmacogenomic Tests 26.9 Barriers to Pharmacogenomics Progress 26.10 The Promise of Pharmacogenomics 26.11 Impact of Drug Discovery, Development, and Marketing Affected by Pharmacogenomics 26.12 Pharmacogenomics Initiatives 26.13 Pharmacogenomics and the Pharmaceutical Industry 26.14 Applied Pharmacogenetics 26.15 Ethical Concerns 26.16 Molecular Diagnostic Methods for Optimizing Drug Therapy 26.18 Challenges for the Future 27. GENE TECHNOLOGY IN FORENSIC SCIENCES 27.1 Prologue 27.2 Concept 27.3 DNA Typing and Genetic Markers 27.4 DNA Based Methods for Identification of Individuals 27.5 Ethical, Legal, and Social Concerns about DNA Databanking 27.6 Future of DNA Typing Systems 28. FOOD DIAGNOSTICS 28.1 Prologue 28.2 Concept 28. 3 Tools of Molecular Diagnostics to Assess Food Diagnostics 28.4 Food Allergy 28.5 Food-Borne Disease Threats 28.6 Commercial Rapid Food-Safety Diagnostics 28.7 Methods for Analysis of Food 28.8 Future Technologies 28.9 Business Outlook of Food Diagnostics 28.10 Conclusion 29. RAPID DIAGNOSTIC METHOD FOR BIOWARFARE 29. 1 Prologue 29. 2 Concept 29. 3 Characteristics of Biological Weapons 29. 4 Biodefense 29. 5 Combating Detection of Biowarfare Agents 29. 6 Using Biological Weapons 29.7 Tools for Self Defence Against Bioweapons 29.8 Genetic Engineering and Biological Warfare 29.9 Impact of Genomics and Genetic Technology on the Threat 29.10 Conclusion 30. SEGMENTS OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS -- MARKET PLACE 30.1 Prologue 30.2 Concept 30.3 Market Drivers 30.4 Trends in Infectious Diseases Testing Market 30.5 Trends in Cancer Diagnostic Testing World Markets 30.6 Trends in Cardiac Marker Diagnostic Testing Markets 30.7 Point of Care Diagnostic Testing World Markets 30.8 Next-Generation Molecular Diagnostics 30.9 The Rise of Companion Diagnostics 30.10 Market Considerations and Forecasts INDEX