Human and Nature Minding Automation : An Overview of Concepts, Methods, Tools and Applications

Preface; Outline of the Book; Chapter 1: Automation, Humans, Nature, and Development; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Field of Automation; 1.3 Brief History of Control and Automation; 1.4 The Principle of Feedback1.5 The Humans in Automation; 1.6 Automation in the Nature; 1.7 Social Issues of Automation; 1.8 Human Development and Modernization; 1.8.1 Human Development Components; 1.8.2 Modernization; 1.8.3 Human Development Index; 1.8.4 Life Expectancy, Literary and Standard of Living; 1.8.5 Human Development Report; Chapter 2: Human Factors in Automation (I): Building Blocks, Scope, and a First Set of Factors; 2.1 Introduction2.2 The Human Factors Field: Building Blocks and Scope; 2.2.1 Building Blocks; 2.2.2 The Human Features; 2.2.3 Human-Automation Relation; 2.2.4 Automation; 2.2.5 Goals and Scope of the Human Factors Field; 2.3 Human Factors in Automation System Design and Development; 2.3.1 General Issues; 2.3.2 Developmental Elements; 2.3.3 System Development Concepts; 2.4 The Workload Factor in Automation; 2.5 Three Key Human Factors in Automation; 2.5.1 Allocation of Function; 2.5.2 Stimulus-Response Compatibility; 2.5.3 Internal Model of the Operator; 2.6 The Operator Reliance Factor; Chapter 3:Human Factors in Automation (II): Psychological, Physical Strength, and Human Error Factors: 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Psychological Factors; 3.2.1 Job Satisfaction; 3.2.2 Job Stress; 3.2.3 A Psychosocial Stress Model; 3.3 Physical Strength; 3.4 Human Bias; 3.5 Human Error; 3.6 Human Values and Human Rights; Chapter 4: Human -- Machine Interaction in Automation (I): Basic Concepts and Devices: 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Applications of Human -- Machine Interactive Systems; 4.3 Methodologies for the Design of Human -- Machine Interaction Systems; 4.4 Keys and Keyboards; 4.5 Pointing Devices; 4.6 Screen Design; 4.7 Work Station Design; 4.7.1 Physical Layout Factors; 4.7.2 Work Method Factors; 4.7.3 Video Display Terminal Factors; Chapter 5: Human -- Machine Interaction in Automation (II): Advanced Concepts and Interfaces; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Graphical User Interfaces; 5.2.1 General Issues; 5.2.2 Design Components of Graphical Interfaces; 5.2.3 Windowing Systems; 5.2.4 Components of Windowing Systems; 5.3 Types and Design Features of Visual Displays; 5.3.1 Visual Display Type; 5.3.2 Further Design Features of Visual Displays; 5.4 Intelligent Human-Machine Interfaces; 5.5 Natural Language Human-Machine Interfaces; 5.6 Multi-Modal Human-Machine Interfaces; 5.7 Graphical Interfaces for Knowledge-Based Systems; 5.8 Force Sensing Tactile Based Human-Machine Interfaces; 5.9 Human-Machine Interaction via Virtual Environments; 5.10 Human-Machine Interfaces in Computer-Aided Design; Chapter 6:; Supervisory and Distributed Control in Automation: 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Supervisory Control Architectures; 6.2.1 Evolution of Supervisory Control; 6.2.2 Rasmussen's Architecture; 6.2.3 Sheridan's Architecture; 6.2.4 Meystel's Nested Architecture; 6.3 The Task Analysis and Task Allocation Problems in Automation: How much and when to Automate?; 6.4 Distributed Control Architectures; 6.4.1 Historical Remarks; 6.4.2 Hierarchical Distributed Systems; 6.4.3 Distributed Control and System Segmentation; 6.5 Discrete Event Supervisory Control; 6.6 Behavior-Based Architectures; 6.6.1 Subsumption Architecture; 6.6.2 Motor Schemas Architecture; 6.7 Discussion; Chapter 7: Implications of Industry, Automation, and Human Activity to Nature; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 The Concepts of Waste and Pollution Control; 7.2. Industrial Contaminants; 7.2.1 Organic Compounds; 7.2.2 Metals and Inorganic Nonmetals; 7.3 Impact of Industrial Activity on the Nature; 7.3.1 Air Pollution; 7.3.2 Global Warming, Ozone Hole, Acid Rain and Urban Smog; 7.3.2.1 Global Warming and Green House Effect; 7.3.2.2 Ozone Hole; 7.3.2.3 Acid Rain; 7.3.2.4 Urban Smog; 7.3.3 Solid Waste Disposal; 7.3.4 Water Pollution; 7.4 Energy Consumption and Natural Resources Depletion; 7.5 Three Major Problems of the Globe Caused by Human Activity (Deforestation, Desertification, Decreasing Biodiversity); 7.6 Environmental Impact: Classification by Human Activity Type; Chapter 8: Human-Minding Automation: 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 System-Minding Design Approach; 8.3 Human-Minding Automation System Design Approach; 8.4 Human-Minding Interface Design in Automation Systems; 8.4.1 User-Needs Analysis; 8.4.2 Task Analysis; 8.4.3 Situation Analysis and Function Allocation; 8.5 The Human Resource Problem in Automation; 8.5.1 Allocation of System Development Resources; 8.5.2 Investment in Human Resources; 8.5.3 Innovation and Technology Transfer; 8.6 Integrating Decision Aiding and Decision Training in Human-Minding Automation; 8.7 International Safety Standards of Automation Systems; 8.8 Overlapping Circles Representation of Human Minding Automation Systems; Chapter 9: Nature-Minding Industrial Activity and Automation: 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Life-Cycle and Environmental Impact Assessments; 9.2.1 Life-Cycle Assessment; 9.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment; 9.3 Nature-Minding Design; 9.4 Pollution Control Planning; 9.5 Natural Resources-Energy Conservation and Residuals Management; 9.5.1 Water Conservation; 9.5.2 Energy Conservation; 9.5.3 Residuals Management; 9.6 Fugitive Emissions Control and Public Pollution Control Programs; 9.6.1 Fugitive Emissions Control; 9.6.2 Public Pollution Control Programs; 9.7 Environmental Control Regulations; 9.7.1 General Issues; 9.7.2 Environmental Regulations in the United States; 9.7.3 International and European Environmental Control Regulations; 9.7.3.1 Climate Change; 9.7.3.2 Biodiversit; 9.7.3.3 Environment and Health; 9.8 The Concept of Sustainability; 9.9 Environmental Sustainability Index; 9.10 A Practical Guide Towards Nature-Minding Business-Automation Operation; 9.10.1 The Four Environmental R-Rules; 9.10.2 Four More Nature-Minding Rules; 9.11 Nature-Minding Economic Considerations; 9.12 Nature-Minding Organizations; Chapter 10: Modern Automation Systems in Practice: 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Office Automation Systems; 10.3 Automation in Railway Systems; 10.4 Automation in Aviation Systems; 10.4.1 Aircraft Automation; 10.4.2 Air Traffic Control; 10.5 Automation in Automobile and Sea Transportation; 10.5.1 Advanced Traveler Information Systems; 10.5.2 Collision Avoidance and Warning System; 10.5.3 Automated Highway Systems; 10.5.4 Vision Enhancement Systems; 10.5.5 Advanced Traffic Management Systems; 10.5.6 Commercial Vehicle Operation; 10.5.7 Sea Transportation; 10.6 Robotic Automation Systems; 10.6.1 Material Handling and Die Casting; 10.6.2 Machine Loading and Unloading; 10.6.3 Welding and Assembly; 10.6.4 Machining and Inspection; 10.6.5 Drilling, Forging and other Fabrication Applications; 10.6.6 Robot Social and Medical Services; 10.6.7 Assistive Robotics; 10.7 Automation in Intelligent Buildings; 10.8 Automation of Intra-and Inter-Organizational Processes in CIM; 10.8.1 Intra-Organizational Automation; 10.8.2 Inter-Organizational Automation; 10.9 Automation in Continuous Process Plants; 10.10 Automation in Environmental Systems; 10.11 Discussion on Human-and Nature-Minding Automation and Technology Applications; Chapter 11: Mathematical Tools for Automation Systems I: Modeling and Simulation: 11.1 Introduction; 11.2 Deterministic Models; 11.3 Probabilistic Model; 11.3.1 Discrete Probability Mode; 11.3.2 Continuous Probability Model; 11.3.3 Baye's Updating Formula; 11.3.4 Statistics; 11.4 Entropy Model; 11.5 Reliability and Availability Models; 11.5.1 Definitions and Properties; 11.5.2 Markov Reliability Model; 11.6 Stochastic Processes and Dynamic Models; 11.6.1 Stochastic Processes; 11.6.2 Stochastic Dynamic Models; 11.7 Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Models; 11.7.1 Fuzzy Sets; 11.7.2 Fuzzy Systems; 11.8 System Simulation; 11.8.1 Simulation of Dynamic Systems; 11.8.1.1 Euler Simulation Technique; 11.8.1.2 Runge Kutta Simulation Technique; 11.8.2 Simulation of Probabilistic Model; Chapter 12; Mathematical Tools for Automation Systems II: Optimization, Estimation, Decision, and Control: 12.1 Introduction.; 12.2 System Optimization; 12.2.1 Static Optimization; 12.2.1.1 Theory; 12.2.1.2 Computational Optimization Algorithms; 12.2.2 Dynamic Optimization; 12.2.2.1 Dynamic Programming; 12.2.2.2 Calculus of Variations; 12.2.2.3 Minimum Principle; 12.2.3 Genetic Optimization; 12.3 Learning and Estimation; 12.3.1 Least-Squares Parameter Estimation; 12.3.2 Recursive Least Squares Parameter Estimation; 12.3.3 Least Squares State Estimation: Kalman Filter; 12.3.3.1 Discrete-Time Filter; 12.3.3.2 State Prediction; 12.3.3.3 Continuous-Time Filter; 12.3.4 Neural Network Learning; 12.3.4.1 The Multilayer Perceptron; 12.3.4.2 The Radial Basis Function Network; 12.4 Decision Analysis; 12.4.1 General Issues; 12.4.2 Decision Matrix and Average Value Operators; 12.4.3 Fuzzy Utility Function; 12.5 Control; 12.5.1 Classical Control; 12.5.2 Modern Control; 12.5.2.1 Model Matching and Eigenvalue Control; 12.5.2.2 Optimal Control; 12.5.2.3 Stochastic Control; 12.5.2.4 Predictive Control; 12.5.2.5 Adaptive Control; 12.5.2.6 Robust Control; 12.5.2.7 Intelligent Control; 12.6 Concluding Remarks; References; Index; About the Author.