A changing Arctic climate : science and policy in the Arctic climate impact assessment

PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................... IX ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................ XIII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1 1.1 THE CHALLENGE OF CHANGE.................................................................................................1 1.2 AIM AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS............................................................................................2 1.3 CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ARCTIC......................................................................................3 1.4 KEY CONCEPTS AND ANALYTICAL POINTS OF DEPARTURE.....................................................6 1.5 AN INTERDISCIPLINARY DISSERTATION.................................................................................7 1.6 DISSERTATION STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 2. INTERNATIONAL REGIMES AND KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION.............13 2.1 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL REGIMES.......................................................................13 2.2 CO-PRODUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE AND POLITICAL ORDER...................................................22 2.3 AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................27 2.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY............................................................................................................32 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH APPROACH.......................................................................................33 3.1 FOCUS ................................................................................................................................33 3.2 A CASE STUDY APPROACH ...................................................................................................34 3.3 A MULTITUDE OF METHODS.................................................................................................35 3.4 FINDING WAYS THROUGH THE EMPIRICAL MATERIAL..........................................................42 3.5 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................................................43 3.6 SITUATED KNOWLEDGE.......................................................................................................44 3.7 NOTES ON LANGUAGE AND WORD CHOICES.........................................................................45 3.8 AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH.....................................................................................47 CHAPTER 4. FROM ICE AGES TO BELLWETHER FOR GLOBAL WARMING: THE ARCTIC IN CLIMATE SCIENCE AND POLICY......................................51 4.1 EARLY DEVELOPMENTS.......................................................................................................51 4.2 GROWING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ..........................................................................59 4.3 POLITICS OF THE ATMOSPHERE............................................................................................64 4.4 AN EMERGING ARCTIC REGIME ...........................................................................................80 4.5 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION..........................................................................................91 CHAPTER 5. SCIENCE AND POLICY IN THE ACIA PROCESS...........................................97 5.1 EARLY ORIGINS ...................................................................................................................98 5.2 THE SCIENTIFIC REPORT ....................................................................................................110 5.3 THE OVERVIEW DOCUMENT...............................................................................................120 viii 5.4 THE POLICY PROCESS ........................................................................................................128 5.5 OTHER ACTIVITIES.............................................................................................................147 5.6 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION........................................................................................149 CHAPTER 6. THE SCIENTIFIC FRAMING OF ARCTIC CLIMATE CHANGE...............155 6.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...............................................................................................155 6.2 GLOBAL, LOCAL, AND REGIONAL: A FOCUS ON SPATIAL SCALE .........................................161 6.3 WHO IS IN FOCUS? .............................................................................................................178 6.4 WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE ABOUT?..................................................................................185 6.5 GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS AND ACTOR NETWORKS...................................................192 6.6 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION........................................................................................203 CHAPTER 7. REGIONAL KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AND THE POLITICS OF SCALE..................................................................................209 7.1 THE FRAMING OF ARCTIC CLIMATE CHANGE .....................................................................210 7.2 THE POLITICS OF SCALE.....................................................................................................211 7.3 THE SCIENCE-POLICY INTERFACE IN A REGIONAL REGIME.................................................217 7.4 STRUCTURE AND AGENCY: THE REGIME CONCEPT REVISITED............................................222 7.5 REGIONAL ARENAS IN INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE POLICY..................................................224 7.6 SUMMARY .........................................................................................................................227 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................229 APPENDIX I: DOCUMENTS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER...............................................243 APPENDIX II: INTERVIEWS .......................................................................................................251 APPENDIX III: INTERVIEW GUIDE ACIA LEAD AUTHORS ..............................................255