Strategies and policies for air pollution abatement : 2006 review prepared under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution.

Page PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1 I. CONVENTION ON LONG-RAGETRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION 1 A. Recent progress and the status of the Convention and its protocols 1 B. 1 he Convention's Executive Body and its main subsidiary bodies 1 C. Capacity-building activities 1 D. Future work under the Convention 1 II. TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTION EMISSIONS AND EFFECTS 1 A. Emission Levels and trends 1 B. Trends in effects 2 III. IMPLEMENTATION OF AND PROGRESS IN NATIONAL STRATEGIES AND POLICIES 2 A. The 1985 Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by At Least 30 Per Cent 2 B. The 1988 Protocol Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or TheirTransboundary Fluxes 2 C. The 1991 Protocol Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes 2 D. The 1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reductions of Sulphur Emissions 3 E. The 1998 Protocol on Heavy Metals 3 F. The 1998 Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants 3 G. The 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone 3 IV. STRATEGIES AND POLICIES FOR CONTROLLING LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION IN THE UNECE REGION 4 A. General trends and priorities in combating air pollution 4 B. Innovative approaches and emerging technologies 4 C. Cross-sectoral and multi-pollutant approaches 4 D. Market-oriented policies and economic instruments 4 STRATEGIES AND P O L I C I E S FOR A I R P O L L U T I O N ABATEMENT ANNEX Table 1: Table 2: Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12 a: Figure 12 b: Figure 12 c: Figure 12 d: Figure 12 e: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17a: Figure 17b: Figure 18: Figure 19: Figure 20: Figure21: Figure 22 a: Figure 22 b: Figure 23: Figure 24: Figure 25: Figure 26: Figure 27: Figure 28: Figure 29: Figure 30: Figure 31: Figure 32: Figure 33: Sulphur content of gas oil (%or ppm) Selected measures for reducing lead, mercury and cadmium emissions, by sector Parties to the Convention on Long-rangeTransboundary Air Pollution Organizational structure of the Convention Fifth percentile ofthe maximum critical load for sulphur within the EMEP-50 km grid Fifth percentile of the critical load of nutrient nitrogen within the EMEP-50 km grid Emission trends of sulphur in the EMEP area, 1990-2005.2010 Emission trendsof nitrogen oxides in the EMEP area, 1990-2005,2010 Emission trends of ammonia in the EMEP area, 1990-2005.2010 Emission trends of NMVOCs in the EMEP area, 19902005,2010 Emission trends of POPS in the €MEP area, 1990-2005 Emission trends of heavy metals in the EMEP area, 1990-2005 Emission trends of particulate matter in the EMEP area, 1990-2005.2010 United States NOx EmissionTrends in PEMA States (1 990-2004) United StatesVOC EmissionTrends in PEMA States (1 990-2004) Canada NOx EmissionTrends in PEMA Region (1990-2002) Canada VOC EmissionTrends in PEMA Region (1990-2002) Trends in SO, Emissions: Canada and the United States Emissions of sulphur in 2005 at 50km resolution Emissions of nitrogen oxides in 2005 at 50 km resolution Emissions of ammonia in 2005 at 50 km resolution Emissions of NMVOCs in 2005 at 50 km resolution Emissions of PM coarse in 2005 at 50 km resolution Emissions of PM 2.5 in 2005 at 50 km resolution Anthropogenic emissions per sector of SOx in 2005 in the EMEP area Anthropogenic emissions per sector of NOx in 2005 in the EMEP area Anthropogenic emissions per sector of NMVOCs in 2005 in the EMEP area Anthropogenic emissions per sector of ammonia in 2005 in the EMEP area Anrhropogenic emissions per sector of PM 2.5. in 2005 in the EMEP area Anthropogenic emissions per sector of PM coarse in 2005 in the EMEP area Sectoral emissions for heavy metals in 2005 in the EMEP area Sectoral emissions for POPS in 2005 in the EMEP area Reduction in emissions of NO, in the ECE region (1 990-2005) Reduction in emissions of NMVOCs in the ECE region (1990-2005) Reduction in emissions of sulphur in the ECE region (1 990-2005) Reduction in emissions of ammonia in the ECE region (1 990-2005) Percentage reduction in SO, NO, NH, and NMVOC (1 990-2005) Effects of pollutants covered by the Convention's protocols Ecosystem area protected from acidification in every EMEP-50 km grid cell for the years 1990,2000,201 0 and 2020 Ecosystem area protected from eutrophication in every EMEP-50 km grid cell for the years 1990,2000,201 0 and 2020 Status of ratification of protocois as of 15 September 2007