International travel and health

Chapter 1 Health risks and precautions: general considerations 1 Travel-related risks 1 Medical consultation before travel 3 Assessment of health risks associated with travel 3 Medical kit and toilet items 3 Travellers with pre-existing medical conditions and special needs 5 Insurance for travellers 7 Role of travel industry professionals 7 Responsibility of the traveller 8 Medical examination after travel 9 Chapter 2 Mode of travel: health considerations 12 Travel by air 12 Cabin air pressure 13 Cabin humidity and dehydration 14 Ozone 14 Cosmic radiation 14 Motion sickness 15 Immobility, circulatory problems and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 15 Diving 17 Jet lag 17 Psychological aspects 18 Travellers with medical conditions or special needs 19 Communicable diseases 22 Aircraft disinsection 23 Medical assistance on board 23 Contraindications for air travel 24 Travel by sea 25 Communicable diseases 27 Noncommunicable diseases 28 Precautions 28 Chapter 3 Environmental health risks 30 Altitude 30 Heat and humidity 31 Ultraviolet radiation from the sun 32 Foodborne and waterborne health risks 33 Recreational waters 38 Animals and insects 41 INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL AND HEALTH 2007 iv Chapter 4 Injuries and violence 49 Road traffi c injuries 49 Injuries in recreational waters 50 Violence 51 Chapter 5 Infectious diseases of potential risk for travellers 53 Modes of transmission and general precautions 53 Specifi c infectious diseases involving potential health risks for travellers 55 Maps 81 Chapter 6 Vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccines 93 General considerations 93 Vaccines for routine use 98 Vaccines for selective use 113 Mandatory vaccination 132 Special groups 133 Adverse reactions and contraindications 137 International certifi cate of vaccination 142 International certifi cate of vaccination or prophylaxis 144 Chapter 7 Malaria 146 General considerations 146 Cause 146 Transmission 146 Nature of the disease 147 Geographical distribution 148 Risk for travellers 148 Precautions 149 Protection against mosquito bites 149 Chemoprophylaxis 149 Long-term use of chemoprophylaxis 151 Treatment 152 Treatment abroad and stand-by emergency treatment 153 Special groups 155 Countries and territories with malarious areas 166 Chapter 8 Exposure to blood and body fl uids 168 Blood transfusion 168 Accidental exposure to blood and body fl uids 169 Chapter 9 Special groups of travellers 174 Travel to visit friends and relatives 174 Pilgrimage 175 Country list: Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations; and malaria situation 177 Annex 1: Countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and countries requiring yellow fever vaccination 206 Annex 2: International Health Regulations 213 Index of countries and territories 215 Index by subject 218