Handbook of solid waste management 2nd ed

CONTENTS Contributors xi Preface xiii Chapter 1. Introduction George Tchobanoglous, Frank Kreith, and Marcia E. Williams 1.1 1.1 Waste Generation and Management in a Technological Society / 1.1 1.2 Issues in Solid Waste Management / 1.2 1.3 Integrated Waste Management / 1.8 1.4 Implementing Integrated Waste Management Strategies / 1.11 1.5 Typical Costs for Major Waste Management Options / 1.13 1.6 Framework for Decision Making / 1.19 1.7 Key Factors for Success / 1.22 1.8 Philosophy and Organization of this Handbook / 1.24 1.9 Concluding Remarks / 1.25 Chapter 2. Federal Role in Municipal Solid Waste Management Barbara Foster and Edward W. Repa 2.1 2.1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act / 2.1 2.2 Clean Air Act / 2.22 2.3 Clean Water Act / 2.35 2.4 Federal Aviation Administration Guidelines / 2.38 2.5 Flow Control Implications / 2.38 Chapter 3. Solid Waste State Legislation Kelly Hill and Jim Glenn 3.1 3.1 Introduction / 3.1 3.2 Trends in Municipal Waste Generation and Management / 3.1 3.3 The Waste Reduction Legislation Movement / 3.3 3.4 The Effect of Legislation / 3.5 3.5 State Municipal Solid Waste Legislation / 3.8 3.6 State Planning Provisions / 3.8 3.7 Permitting and Regulation Requirements / 3.9 3.8 Waste Reduction Legislation / 3.9 3.9 Establishing Waste Reduction Goals / 3.10 3.10 Legislating Local Government Responsibility / 3.12 3.11 Making Producers and Retailers Responsible for Waste / 3.16 3.12 Advanced Disposal Fees / 3.18 3.13 Special Waste Legislation / 3.20 3.14 Market Development Initiatives / 3.21 3.15 State Funding / 3.25 3.16 Flow Control Legislation: Interstate Movement of Unprocessed and Processed Solid Waste / 3.25 References / 3.27 Appendix: State Solid Waste Regulatory Agencies / 3.28 For more information about this title, click here Chapter 4. Planning for Municipal Solid Waste Management Programs James E. Kundell and Deanna L. Ruffer 4.1 4.1 State Solid Waste Management Planning / 4.1 4.2 Local and Regional Solid Waste Management Planning / 4.7 4.3 Conclusions / 4.13 References / 4.14 Chapter 5. Solid Waste Stream Characteristics Marjorie A. Franklin 5.1 5.1 Municipal Solid Waste Defined / 5.1 5.2 Methods of Characterizing Municipal Solid Waste / 5.2 5.3 Materials in Municipal Solid Waste by Weight / 5.3 5.4 Products in Municipal Solid Waste by Weight / 5.11 5.5 Municipal Solid Waste Management / 5.19 5.6 Discards of Municipal Solid Waste by Volume / 5.24 5.7 The Variability of Municipal Solid Waste Generation / 5.25 References / 5.30 Chapter 6. Source Reduction: Quantity and Toxicity Part 6A. Quantity Reduction Harold Leverenz 6.1 6A.1 Introduction / 6.1 6A.2 Effects of Source Reduction / 6.2 6A.3 Involvement by Government / 6.6 6A.4 Developing a Source Reduction Plan / 6.15 6A.5 Strategies for Source Reduction / 6.17 References / 6.25 Part 6B. Toxicity Reduction Ken Geiser 6B.1 The Toxicity of Trash / 6.27 6B.2 Waste Management Policy / 6.30 6B.3 Product Management Policy / 6.33 6B.4 Production Management Policy / 6.37 6B.5 A Sustainable Economy / 6.39 References / 6.40 Chapter 7. Collection of Solid Waste Hilary Theisen 7.1 7.1 The Logistics of Solid Waste Collection / 7.1 7.2 Types of Waste Collection Services / 7.2 7.3 Types of Collection Systems, Equipment, and Personnel Requirements / 7.14 7.4 Collection Routes / 7.22 7.5 Management of Collection Systems / 7.25 7.6 Collection System Economics / 7.25 References / 7.27 Chapter 8. Recycling Harold Leverenz, George Tchobanoglous, and David B. Spencer 8.1 8.1 Overview of Recycling / 8.1 8.2 Recovery of Recyclable Materials from Solid Waste / 8.3 vi CONTENTS 8.3 Development and Implementation of Materials Recovery Facilities / 8.10 8.4 Unit Operations and Equipment for Processing of Recyclables / 8.38 8.5 Environmental and Public Health and Safety Issues / 8.70 8.6 Recycling Economics / 8.74 References / 8.77 Chapter 9. Markets and Products for Recycled Material Harold Leverenz and Frank Kreith 9.1 9.1 Sustainable Recycling / 9.1 9.2 Recycling Markets / 9.3 9.3 Market Development / 9.8 9.4 Trade Issues / 9.16 References / 9.17 Chapter 10. Household Hazardous Wastes (HHW) David E.B. Nightingale and Rachel Donnette 10.1 10.1 Introduction / 10.1 10.2 Problems of Household Hazardous Products / 10.3 10.3 HHW Regulation and Policy / 10.16 10.4 Product Stewardship and Sustainability / 10.21 10.5 Education and Outreach / 10.26 10.6 HHW Collection,Trends, and Infrastructure / 10.29 References / 10.33 Chapter 11. Other Special Wastes Part 11A. Batteries Gary R. Brenniman, Stephen D. Casper, William H. Hallenbeck, and James M. Lyznicki 11.1 11A.1 Automobile and Household Batteries / 11.1 References / 11.14 Part 11B. Used Oil Stephen D. Casper, William H. Hallenbeck, and Gary R. Brenniman 11B.1 Used Oil / 11.15 Part 11C. Scrap Tires John K. Bell 11C.1 Background / 11.31 11C.2 Source Reduction and Reuse / 11.32 11C.3 Disposal of Waste Tires / 11.33 11C.4 Alternatives to Disposal / 11.34 References / 11.36 Part 11D. Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris George Tchobanoglous 11D.1 Sources, Characteristics, and Quantities of C&D Debris / 11.39 11D.2 Regulations Governing C&D Materials and Debris / 11.42 11D.3 Management of C&D Debris / 11.42 CONTENTS vii 11D.4 Specifications for Recovered C&D Debris / 11.44 11D.5 Management of Debris from Natural and Humanmade Disasters / 11.46 References / 11.47 Part 11E. Computer and Other Electronic Solid Waste Gary R. Brenniman and William H. Hallenbeck 11E.1 Introduction / 11.49 11E.2 Hazardous Components in Computers and Electronic Waste / 11.50 11E.3 Disposing of Computers is Hazardous / 11.53 11E.4 Extended Producer Responsibility and Electronic Toxin Phaseouts / 11.55 11E.5 Can a Clean Computer Be Designed? / 11.57 11E.6 What Can You Do As a Computer Owner? / 11.58 11E.7 Contacts and Resources for Dealing with Computer Waste / 11.58 References / 11.60 Chapter 12. Composting of Municipal Solid Wastes Luis F. Diaz, George M. Savage, and Clarence G. Golueke 12.1 12.1 Principles / 12.3 12.2 Technology / 12.14 12.3 Economics / 12.27 12.4 Marketing Principles and Methods / 12.33 12.5 Environmental, Public, and Industrial Health Considerations / 12.40 12.6 Case Study / 12.45 12.7 Conclusions / 12.45 References / 12.47 Appendix 12A. Partial Listing of Vendors of Equipment and Systems for Composting MSW and Other Organic Wastes / 12.50 Appendix 12B. Costs for Composting MSW and Yard Wastes / 12.68 Chapter 13. Waste-to-Energy Combustion Introduction Frank Kreith Part 13A. Incineration Technologies Calvin R. Brunner 13.1 13A.1 Incineration / 13.3 References / 13.84 Part 13B. Ash Management and Disposal Floyd Hasselriis 13B.1 Sources and Types of Ash Residues / 13.85 13B.2 Properties of Ash Residues / 13.86 13B.3 Ash Management / 13.93 13B.4 Landfill Disposal / 13.95 13B.5 Regulatory Aspects / 13.97 13B.6 Actual Leaching of MWC Ash / 13.99 13B.7 Treatment of Ash Residues / 13.100 13B.8 Environmental Impact of Ash Residue Use / 13.101 13B.9 Ash Management Around the World / 13.102 13B.10 Beneficial Use of Residues / 13.104 13B.11 Analysis of Ash Residue Test Data / 13.109 References / 13.116 viii CONTENTS Part 13C. Emission Control Floyd Hasselriis 13C.1 Introduction / 13.121 13C.2 Emissions from Combustion / 13.124 13C.3 Emission Standards and Guidelines / 13.126 13C.4 Emission Control Devices / 13.132 13C.5 Controlled and Uncontrolled Emission Factors / 13.154 13C.6 Variability of Emissions / 13.160 13C.7 Dispersion of Pollutants from Stack to Ground / 13.161 13C.8 Risk Assessment / 13.165 13C.9 Calculation of Municipal Waste Combustor Emissions / 13.168 13C.10 Conversions and Corrections / 13.171 References / 13.174 Chapter 14. Landfilling Philip R. O’Leary and George Tchobanoglous 14.1 14.1 The Landfill Method of Solid Waste Disposal / 14.2 14.2 Generation and Composition of Landfill Gases / 14.10 14.3 Formation, Composition, and Management of Leachate / 14.30 14.4 Intermediate and Final Landfill Cover / 14.47 14.5 Structural and Settlement Characteristics of Landfills / 14.54 14.6 Landfill Design Considerations / 14.58 14.7 Landfill Operation / 14.69 14.8 Environmental Quality Monitoring at Landfills / 14.77 14.9 Landfill Closure, Postclosure Care, and Remediation / 14.84 References / 14.88 Chapter 15. Siting Municipal Solid Waste Facilities David Laws, Lawrence Susskind, and Jason Corburn 15.1 15.1 Introduction / 15.1 15.2 Understanding the Sources of Public Concern / 15.1 15.3 A Typical Siting Chronology / 15.4 15.4 Building Consensus on Siting Choices / 15.8 15.5 Conclusions / 15.16 References / 15.17 Chapter 16. Financing and Life-Cycle Costing of Solid Waste Management Systems Nicholas S. Artz, Jacob E. Beachey, and Philip R. O’Leary 16.1 16.1 Financing Options / 16.2 16.2 Issues in Financing Choices / 16.5 16.3 Steps to Secure System Financing / 16.8 16.4 Life-Cycle Costing / 16.10 16.5 Summary / 16.16 References CONTENTS