ارتباط غیر کلامی Nonverbal Communication

1 Communication Elements Constraining Animal Learning and Performance.- Odor of Nonreward.- Function of Odors.- Generality of Discrimination and Cue Effects.- Generality of Pheromonal Effects.- Agonistic Postures.- A Concluding Comment.- References.- 2 Animal Communication.- Some Primordia for Communication.- Mutualism as a Criterion for Communication.- Genetics of Social Cooperation.- The Choice of a Medium.- Animal Semantics.- Discrete and Graded Repertoires.- Specific Distinctiveness in Animal Signals.- Experimental Use of Synthetic Signals.- The Uses of Animal Signals.- Manifestations of Emotional State, or Something More?.- Learning and Signal Development.- Apes with Language?.- The Design of Animal Societies.- References.- 3 Application of the Concept of Levels of Organization to the Study of Animal Communication.- The Energy Source—the Emitter.- The Energy Receiver—the Responder.- Vegetative, Trophic Level.- Tonic, Organismic Level.- Phasic, “Forced-Response” Level.- Signal, Message Level.- Symbolic, Goal-Directed Level.- Linguistic Level.- Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 4 Social and Pharmacological Influences on the Nonverbal Communication of Monkeys and Man.- Cooperative Conditioning in Animals.- Effects of Psychoactive Drugs on Nonverbal and Social Behavior.- Psychoactive Drugs and Nonverbal Communication.- Psychoactive Drugs and Group Social Behavior.- Discussion.- Cooperative-Conditioning Experiments in Man.- Discussion.- General Discussion and Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 5 Pheromonal Sex Attractants in the Norway Rat.- The Responses of Male Rats to the Female Sex Attractant.- The Responses of Female Rats to the Male Sex Attractant.- Summary, Thus Far.- The Responses of Rats to Odors from Individual Sex Partners.- The Sources of Pheromonal Sex Attractants in Rats.- Electrophysiological Responses to Pheromonal Sex Attractants in Rats.- The Responses of Immature Rats to Pheromonal Sex Attractants.- The Responses of Rats to the Homotypical Sex Attractants.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 6 Information Transfer in Honey Bees: A Population Approach.- Emergence of Anomalies.- Abbreviated Chronicle of Our Experimental Challenge.- Pertinent Data Gathered by Others.- Odors Detectors as Vector Selectors of Nectar Collectors.- Relevant Evidence from Preceding Studies.- The Number of Foragers and Recruit Success.- Odor Dependence of Searching Recruits.- Forager Flight Paths and Searching Recruits.- Wind, Distance, and Recruit Success.- Food Getting—a Study in Communication.- Individual and Population Approaches.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 7 Communication in Mother-Infant Interaction.- 8 The Communication of Affect Among Rodents Through Mother- Young Interactions.- Studies of Mice Reared with Rat Mothers or Rat Aunts.- Effects on Fighting Behavior.- Effects on Open-Field Performance.- Effects on Plasma Corticosterone.- Seeking the Causes of the Differences.- Effects of Postweaning Social Interactions between Mice and Rats.- Effects of Maternal Emotionality in the Rat on the Offspring’s Emotionality.- An Experimental Procedure for Maternal Inconsistency.- An Individual Difference Measure of Maternal Emotionality.- Effects on Emotionality.- Further Analyses of the Individual Difference Variable.- Nongenetic Communication of Affect Across Generations.- Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.