تحقیق درباره ی معماری های اینترنت اشیا A survey on Internet of Things architectures

1. Introduction Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the stringent connectedness between digital and physical world (Atzori et al., 2010; Sterling, 2005; Internet Reports, 2005). Various researchers have described IoT in multitude forms: – ‘‘a dynamic global network infrastructure with selfconfiguring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ’Things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network” (Kranenburg, 2008). – ‘‘3A concept: anytime, anywhere and any media, resulting into sustained ratio between radio and man around 1:1” (Srivastava, 2006). – ‘‘Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts” (Networked Enterprise & RFID & Micro & Nanosystems, 2008). The semantic meaning of ‘‘Internet of Things” is presented as ‘‘a world-wide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard communication protocols”. We will consider the definition provided by the ITU: – ‘‘A global infrastructure for the information society enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and virtual) things based on, existing and evolving, interoperable information and communication technologies” (ITU work on Internet of things, 2015). As per Gartner, 25 billion devices will be connected to the internet by 2020 and those connections will facilitate the used data to analyze, preplan, manage, and make intelligent decisions autonomously. The US National Intelligence Council (NIC) has embarked IoT as one of the six ‘‘Disruptive Civil Technologies” (National Intelligence Council, 2008). In this context, we can see that service several sectors, such as: transportation, smart city, smart domotics, smart health, egovernance, assisted living, e-education, retail, logistics, agriculture, automation, industrial manufacturing, and business/ process management etc., are already getting benefited from various architectural forms of IoT (Gubbia et al., 2013; Miorandi et al., 2012; Giusto et al., 2010). IoT architecture may be treated as a system which can be physical, virtual, or a hybrid of the two, consisting of a collection of numerous active physical things, sensors, actuators, cloud services, specific IoT protocols, communication layers, users, developers, and enterprise layer. Particular architectures do act as a pivot component of IoT specific infrastructure while facilitating the systematic approach toward dissimilar components resulting solutions to related issues. A well defined form of IoT architecture is currently available for knowledge purpose: – ‘‘a dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ’Things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network” (Kranenburg, 2008).