شهرهای هوشمند: رویکردی شبکه ای در مدیریت سازمان ها Smart cities: A literature review and business network approach discussion on the management of organisations

1. Introduction Smart cities, that is, new ways of organising city functions and urban life for environmental purposes and based on digitalisation and urbanisation (Katz and Bradley, 2013), are believed to move production and consumption from global to local, manufacturing from competitive to collaborative, and business from a shareholder to a multiple-stakeholder point of view (Herrschel, 2013; Saint, 2014; Marsal-Llacuna and Segal, 2016; van der Graaf and Veeckman, 2014). While the literature has shown an increased interest for smart cities, most research remains on the societal and policy levels (Öberg and Graham, 2016), which leaves the question about how business is conducted in smart cities unanswered. This paper presents a literature review on the state of the art of management research on smart cities. The purpose of the paper is to map current research on the management of organisations in smart cities. The following research question is addressed: RQ1. How has previous research captured the management of organisations in smart cities? The question is important, since smart cities may change the organising of business based on their orientation to local production and consumption, collaborative manufacturing and a multiple-stakeholder focus, while most previous studies thus seem to focus on the societal and policy level. While smart cities may include many different things, the paper departs from these three ideas pointed out by Herrschel (2013), Saint (2014), and van der Graaf and Veeckman (2014) as indicators, and also links smart cities to the antecedents of digitalisation, urbanisation and sustainability, as referred to by Katz and Bradley (2013) and seen in Figure 1. The paper contributes to previous research through presenting a literature review summarising the state of the art of previous research on the management of business as part of smart cities. This means that management research on smart cities is summarised for the first time. Based on how the organisational level is rarely considered in the smart city literature (Paroutis et al., 2014; Öberg and Graham, 2016) and, as indicated in this present paper, is theoretically fragmented, the paper also contributes to research on the organising of business in smart cities through discussing the potential of integrating smart city initiatives with the business network approach, thus emphasising its consequences for business markets. Through pointing out how the organising of business may change as the result of smart city initiatives, the paper provides insight into future business studies.