زیرساخت های مدیریت دانش و هوش سازمانی Knowledge management infrastructures and organizational intelligence in Iranian research centers

1. Introduction As an old belief, “knowledge is power” could be replaced by “sharing knowledge is power” in the current information societies in which knowledge-based decisions and activities are of utmost importance (Davenport and Prusak, 1998; Ahmad, 2014; De Angelis, 2016) and organizations are becoming more knowledge intensive (Wong, 2005). As a result, knowledge can now be viewed as a strategic asset for organizations in comparison with tangible elements. In such a subtle state, knowledge management is an attempt to manage knowledge (skills, merits, and insight) of employees and managers which is internal and external as well (Trisnanty and Handayani, 2013; Patil and Kant, 2014). Knowledge management has emerged as an approach to incorporate emerging requirements of the modern organizations (Gold et al., 2001; Chang and Chuang, 2011; Williams, 2015) in which ever-changing capabilities and competitive intelligence are of pressing concerns. Knowledge management efforts typically focus on organizational objectives, such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, the sharing of lessons learned, integration and continuous improvement of the organization in an increasing competitive market (Gupta and Sharma, 2004; Wong, 2005). As an established discipline since 1990s, knowledge management includes courses taught in the fields of business administration, information systems, management, and library and information sciences (Omotayo, 2015). The basic factors required for the creation of a system, organization or structure is called infrastructure. These infrastructures have soft, invisible and physical, visible nature and can be considered as the software of the organizations rather than their hardware (Chang and Chuang, 2011). Knowledge management infrastructure also reflects the long-term foundations for knowledge management. In an organizational context, knowledge management infrastructure includes five major components, including organization culture, organization structure, organization’s information technology infrastructure, common knowledge and physical environment (Becerra-Fernandez and Sabherwal, 2010; Trisnanty and Handayani, 2013).